WEBVTT

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Support the instruments and work on refining the detailed design we have requirements that the design has to satisfy so that the entire system comes together, and is able to accomplish the objectives.

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And then we get to a point where we are assembling the new parts and testing them and art of the time period that we fall at low as you can imagine these things are going really far away from the earth so we can't exactly go around and and and it's a

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piece of hardware if we have a problem with it. So we have a pretty extensive test program. And then we put them on the top of our rockets launch them on their way to where they're heading and our into the operations days and sometimes like you'll see

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And I meant to mention by the way before I started I'm probably not being able to multitask well enough to pay attention to the chat and catch question though if you have questions and I failed to see them I will definitely circle back to those.

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So in the development of the Juno spacecraft which she killed in partnership with Lockheed Martin. There were a lot of key engineering challenges that I'm one of them is very high radiation environment at Jupiter.

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And what one of them is very high radiation environment at Jupiter. Jupiter is a huge gas giant it's made mostly of hydrogen and helium, and that hydrogen and helium are super compressed because it's so big, you can set about a lemon or it's across the

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middle of Jupiter is so big. So content is a lot of high pressure and temperature as you get deeper and deeper under the artist for the interior. And as you get deeper inside there, the question is so high that the electrons are essentially needs off

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the atoms and can free flow around inside. Jupiter even though it's so large way larger than the Earth, it rotates once and 10 hours and so now you have a rotating electrical field, which contributes to generate this truly massive magnetic field admin

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then captures charged particles from, for instance solar array solar articles from the sun, and get accelerated to relativistic speeds around the dynamic field and create this really strong night, radiation field around you can almost think of Jupiter

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as sitting in the middle of this doughnut of radiation, and even though we do some things with the plan of orbit around Jupiter in order to minimize the station that's fine and that radiation zone.

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We do dig through it every time the stage about does one of his orbits around Jupiter and in order to make sure the spacecraft and survive long enough to do its mission.

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We have the sensitive electronics inside or radiation balls tucked up under the high gain antenna main primarily and titanium that knocks the radiation environment inside of all something much closer to what we can see our planet like Mars, and their

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their spot shielding in various places around the spacecraft and in order to make sure the components exterior to the vault will survive the spacecraft is going a really long way away from the sun, we'll talk a little bit about that, or have gone, I'll

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talk a little bit about that on the next slide. When the spacecraft was launched it was the furthest mission that was going to be solar powered that we've ever done.

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So the solar rays have to be really really large order to generate enough power to run all the spacecraft components and keep everything warm, all the way out at you very you can get a sense of scale from the size of these people are doing a lockout test

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with the solar array at Lockheed Martin, the arrays are about a little under nine meters long, and we were to generate as much power as we did and I'll talk about that in a second.

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There of course, as you see me on all spacecraft thermal blankets and their electric heaters in various places and radiated in order to maintain the temperature on the space basket and photos are getting too hot or too cold, as we're all the way out there

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and five times farther away from the sun.

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For Telecom, the spacecraft is going a long way away from the earth. And so to communicate back we had this very large high gain antenna which we use to point very very accurately on the earth to get our maximum data rate to send back science data and

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also engineering telemetry, so we can really sharp eyes, you'll notice that there are a couple of other telecom antenna on the edge of this one in various places on this page, average median gain antenna we are not pointed quite as accurately, and then

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the Logan and tennis will use when we have to be pointed quite far off the earth. I'm first into the spacecraft is in safe mode and might not know exactly where the earth is

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to get into orbit, we have a really large main engine that the spacecraft needed to fire for about half an hour just slow down enough to get captured into the gravitational field around Jupiter and go into our own orbit and talk a little bit more about

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what that.

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So at Jupiter, again, As you think about the sun going. The light traveling over the sun expanding the sphere as you go farther and farther away any given area sees the square root of the distance of the amount of Lake so if you're twice as far away from

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the earth you get one quarter of the light, three times as far away from here, you get nine, all the way out of Jupiter, five times farther away from the sun, we get 120 fifth.

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And so the solar it needs to be quite large. It stretches pretty much in the end, an NBA size basketball courts and at Earth, theoretically, the solar rays could generate something like 14 kilowatts of power, we have to limit the number of cells that

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are in use and we're that close otherwise use totally overhaul the battery, all the way out and Jupiter, they generate something more like a bit over 500 watts of power and about half of that is used for heat for the spacecraft and the rest of it goes

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to power all the engineering components and all the instruments to do the things that the stage back needs to do to get instructor.

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And speaking of insurance there's quite a complex issue with sweet, and you know, there are a lot of things that the scientists are trying to discover things like understanding how deep the clouds go on the surface, about the atmosphere composition, how

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much water vapor there is on Jupiter in the clouds. We're trying to understand what the size of the floor is and to do that, these the gravity, the telecom system for gravity science, and there's also a magnetometer out here on one edge of the array to

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get it away from the magnetic fields in by the spacecraft that is used to do a global mapping of the magnetic fields, and there's also a camera Gino cam, which is used for science but also for public outreach, you haven't seen some of the really cool

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images, the Juno spacecraft has taken back I dropped a couple in this presentation for you, but you will also want to go check out the junior can gallery and c are completely new view that we've got on the.

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one of the systems engineering tools that we use I'll talk a little bit about the kind of work that I was involved in is a tool called functionaries that we use to identify potential faults.

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When we send spacecraft really far away, particularly when they're so far away we can't joystick them and it has to be able to take care of themselves until we can get in touch with them.

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We have to go through this rigorous thought exercise to figure out all the different things that could go wrong, and whether we can either design them out of the system or make the spacecraft robust, so it can handle those issues if they crop up.

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And I'll give you an example that is kind of from our launch days. In order for launch to be considered successful, you need to both have enough power, you're not running out of power you're generating power, you need to have communication spacecraft

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need to be on the right trajectory to where you're going and need stable temperatures, it can't be getting way too hot or too cold and any of your components.

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And so those are some of the things we think about for lunch to be successful. And then we take each one of those different areas say power for example, and we asked ourselves, what are the reasons that we might not be doing a good job or the spacecraft

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might not be stable for power. So maybe the solar rays are generating power, maybe the batteries are fine. Our and we continue going down that set of branches.

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And then we ask ourselves well why.

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Can the arrays not be generating enough power, maybe they didn't deploy, maybe we're not quite a minute the sun, maybe there's some failure with rd array. And we asked ourselves okay so why didn't the arrays deploy. Maybe they released mechanisms didn't work. Maybe it hints and stuff maybe a damper fail maybe the commands didn't go out and so on and so forth.

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go out and so on and so forth. And we do that across all these different branches until we get all the way out to these leads and reasonable leads we asked ourselves if there's something we can do, designed to prevent that thing from happening altogether.

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Or is there something we can do in the design that happens, we're robust to that and escape factors. Okay. For example, If we have a hinge that could see that maybe those two rotating surfaces and let him so I live in seasons the other ones fine and therefore,

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the array will fully extended.

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So, this is the path that the stage craft lunch to get all the way out to Jupiter, we launched it in 2011 at Kennedy Space Center, and then we couldn't send it on a direct path, all the way out to Jupiter we didn't actually have a launch vehicle big enough

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with enough throw capacity to send us on a direct trajectory so we sent the spacecraft on a trajectory that to get out past the orbit of Mars that's this red line if you can see that we had to do to deep space maneuvers which is using that same name engine

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on the afternoon spacecraft burning for half an hour and each of these women were separated by a couple of weeks, to make sure we were lined up to be on a trajectory to go back by the earth on earth flyby a couple of years after launch to get the rest

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of the rest of the momentum we needed to get all the way out to Jupiter, three years later on July, 4 2016, and you can figure I've noted our science phase was intended to begin shortly after that, talk a little bit about that.

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And then extend for, originally, about a year and a quarter when societies again, but the expectation was always that would be able to seek an extended mission, and then some things happened along the way, which are the primary mission to take a little

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bit longer. So, just a little bit about.

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So we have some interesting times during cruise, even though we went through that whole thought process that I had mentioned about developing palm trees and figuring out ways to make the spacecraft robust to them.

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Because we do a lot of things for the first time, we're modifying designs, we are exploring new territory, there are always things that crop up and surprise us along the way that we've been to respond to.

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And some of the interesting things that happened during cruise right out of the gates, while we were still around want to you, there were some moments that were warmer than we expected them to be.

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And so we wound up taking some engineering models and putting them into some federal vacuum chambers so that we could suck all the air out and make them seem like they're in flight shine some, some sunlight through there and assume, In order to update

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what our thermal model was to help us understand what was going on with those items and whether they were going to be at the temperature we needed them to be by the time we reach Jupiter or they were going to be problems along the way, cruise when we're

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at our closest point to the sun, and all of that turned out fine. Thankfully, but that make for some interesting times where they are interesting times and crews, the way that the spacecraft orbits Jupiter, it's a polar orbit or which was important for

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be able to get some of the science we were seeking. If you can see my hand if you guys are the sun and Jupiter is the planets and my finger is Juno, we were orbiting the planet.

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This way such that the sun, that the Jupiter planet was never between the Sun and the spacecraft so we were not going to have a long eclipses just based on occupations at the planet, we would know we would need to use our batteries because in order to

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do the orbit insertion we had to turn the spacecraft 90 degrees to the sun so that there wasn't in the sun on the race, but it wasn't due to being behind a planet at the earth flyby, we actually we're going behind the planet and we're going to have an

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of about 19 minutes, and we did all the analysis, we made sure the power system was sized appropriately so that that was not going to be a problem. But it turned out that we did have a bit of a surprise and 12 minutes into the 19 minute Eclipse.

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We did the spacecraft declare that it had an issue related to power and turned off some components that weren't necessary to stay safe entered safe mode and phone home and this is all of us in the mission support area over it.

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and looking very unhappy that day. It turned out we were able to understand what happened, fairly soon after that and it turned out to be kind of a blessing in disguise.

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Because it caused us to do some refinements of the way that we were doing, how our modeling and prediction on the spacecraft and much better shape once we got out to Jupiter, have a pretty tight story there for the low power of situations we were saying

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we were in the expected lower power conditions we were saying when we were at the planet doing science operations.

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And those weren't the only fun things that happened during cruise but there was there were just a couple of that I decided to I choose for example to tell you about when we got to Jupiter in July of 2016 and fired her main engine for 35 minutes to get

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captured all of that went very very well. And you can see our colleagues out at Lockheed Martin, I was actually there with a couple of other folks and JPL with Lockheed Martin, of the team, and some folks at the mission support area at JPL all celebrating

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with them super happy to Google even made us a doodle very excited that the spacecraft got into orbit insertion so that we could then get everything shut down and get ready to start taking science.

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Now, another unexpected issue that happened to us. Thereafter, we originally in the plan or to get into orbit which went fine. On July, 4, and then we were to do these two large 53 and a half day capture orbits and turn on the science instruments for

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that next flyby 53 and a half days after orbiting searching, collect a bunch of science data, see that all instruments were working fine, and we were getting what we needed.

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In terms of data. All of that was great. And then we were to do the second 53 and a half day orbit and configure the prop system to do on the last 35 minutes.

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Main engine burn in order to shrink our orbit down to a 14 day orbit and then do the rest of those 32 of those to complete the full science mission. And it turns out and in the last run up to configure the system to do that means and burn, there were

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some unexpected signatures that we saw, which caused us to wave off that burn and do like get stay in the 53 and a half day or so that we could go home together in a normal response team, understand what happened and decide what we were going to do about

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it. And it turned out through that whole process took us months, we decided that it would be too great of a risk to burn that main engine, again, and the scientists had enough time to determine that it would actually be perfectly fine to get all the science

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data that was desire if you stayed in the 53 and a half day orbit and did 32, of those. As you can imagine, that was going to take longer. This, this is about almost four days longer than our 14 day orbit.

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And so there were conversations with NASA headquarters to make sure that that was going to be a fine thing to do. And ultimately, that is where we landed with the mission design, and it had some benefits because staying in the primary orbit, longer meant

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that we were going to see more of Jupiter's year as Jupiter orbiting the Sun takes about 12 years found in the room that right for Jupiter goes around the sun to we get to see a quarter of that as opposed to a much smaller percentage, and our original

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And so since the spacecraft has been there orbiting Jupiter taking science data there's been a lot of really cool things that we've learned, I'm on the engineering side of the house, I was deputy chief engineer and operations for Juno, but one of the

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reasons we send spacecraft here is for the science and it's really cool to get to be at the forefront of hearing the things that the scientists, fine, and tell us about as they're telling the world about it until we think about Jupiter as we knew this

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the equator at the equator, or orbit around the waiting, and so we never had any direct data of what the polls.

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And so one of my favorite pictures is this one of the full so you can see that I think this picture is a little bit color stress, but it is a bit more purple and blue here the poles and get kind of these is super Cyclone happening.

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This is an image of the South Pole which has about five storms around the central storm and visible light. I really love this image, which is at the North Pole and infrared, where you can see this kind of amazing pattern of eight storms that are sort

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of symmetrically spaced around a central storm. I love that these four storms look similar, these four storms with similar so there's some really interesting atmospheric patterns happening there at the planet.

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And this is a the North Pole, with a combination of visible and infrared so you can just see a North Korea has eight stores but kind of what they look like.

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And so, in this, this infrared rate where the lighter areas are warmer and the darker areas of cooler, this is kind of the visual teaser.

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And this is a close up of a great response, which the spacecraft flew over at once, while I was there and a couple of times more since I left that machine.

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This is a 2d image but I think it's cool because you can see enough of the details and the patterns the clouds It almost looks like you're about to be sucks down in there, which is amazing.

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And this is one of my favorite pieces of constructed, science, information that came from the team as well because it shows how we can layer information from a couple of different instruments, this is the visible image from the junior can insurance and

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you can see the Great Red Spot here and the clouds around it. The microwave radiometer has the ability to kind of penetrate the cloud top down to about 360, kilometers and see differences in temperature, you can see where it's warmer lighter and where

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it's cooler it's darker, and also some composition, this is the issue that is used to determine the water composition of the atmosphere as well. And one of the things that was intriguing for the scientist is that the storm sitting on the surface, you

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can see that it has an influence, all the way down to the lowest decks that this instrument can penetrate all the way down to 350 kilometers, there's a difference across the storm from in latitude, and so the roots of of at least the Great Red Spot go

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pretty deep on the planet.

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So for me I left you know, in 2018, to go join psyche and then stayed with it for just a couple of years before getting pulled over to Europe for promotion.

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That's what I'm doing now this is the lovely image of the moon Europa taken by the Galileo spacecraft, which orbited in that 97 about 2000 and a little bit history about the Galilean satellites of Jupiter, Galileo back in 1610 discovered the four largest

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moons, and they're also discovered by Sarah, Simon Marius around the same time that I think Galileo was just the first and make it to publication. And these are the four that he could see originally thought that they were stars, but he realized that those

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those stars were changing position around Jupiter on successive nights that he was observing them, which made him realize that they must be orbiting Jupiter, the way that Earth orbits, our star game Ganymede is the largest of them moves it's actually

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little bit larger than Mercury and Europa is the smallest it's a bit smaller than our moon but it's still the sixth largest new in our solar system. Galileo is the spacecraft that that studied the Europa system, sorry the Jupiter system including robot from

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1995 to 2003.

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Now it's an interesting things about Europa's surface, everyone, it's pretty smooth and has some traders like this really large one near the southern hemisphere, but you don't see a very heavily craters surface like you do with the surface of the moon

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and scientists believe that that's because it's been resurfaced or has been resurfaced in fairly relatively recent geological timeframes. It has a lot of these rich plans and chaos terrains where you have ridges that go in different directions as if the

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surface has been cracking and shifting and allowing water perhaps to suit up and surface.

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There also these little articulate, which is a word that means sprinkles on the surface that the scientists want to learn more about as well.

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One of the things that the most intriguing about Europa is its interior. Scientists think that it has an iron core with a rocky mantle kind of similar to Earth and hasn't fixed show is underneath that ice is a tremendous amount of water, about two times,

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all of the Earth's water combined on a surface that are on a planet, a body that is about a little bit smaller than our.

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And so there are some clues to why we think that there is water there to why the scientists think that there's water there.

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And some of them came from Galileo Galileo during the magnetometer, which was there to measure the magnetic field of Jupiter and determine that where the magnetic field winds of Jupiter intersect with those lines were banks and the way the scientists

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And so, if there's a good clue that a similar thing might be happening with Europa and that there's some conductive fluid under this, I shall like water that has dissolved salted.

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And the first question that people tend to ask is, okay well Jupiter is five times farther away from the Sun and the Earth is, why would there be enough heat there to make liquid water under that I shall.

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And the answer to that is title flexing Europa orbits Jupiter in an orbit that isn't exactly circular, it's a little elliptical, and when it's closer to Jupiter, it gets pulled a bit more strongly by Jupiter gravity, when it's farther away, it gets full

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less strongly, and that creates essentially this kind of pulling relaxing action on the moon which generates friction inside the moon's material and that is the source of heat, where scientists think is enough to make a lot of that ice melts and add this

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layer of water underneath the scientists don't know how thick that ice is there are some estimates that range between 15 to 25 kilometers and estimates for the ocean death of anywhere between 60 kilometers to 160 kilometers.

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And that's part of the thing that Europa Clipper mission is intending to help us determine is how thick is that is how much water might be down there.

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Why does that make Europe intriguing. Well, our understanding of life here on earth is that it requires water essential elements, there's an acronym called chin ops carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur, those things combined, as well

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as an energy source instability, are the things that scientists believe are necessary to develop life as we know it, you're under. And this video that you're seeing here is from hydrothermal vents down at the surface of down at the bottom of the ocean

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where the water needs Brock, and it's very hot down there around Vince where there is.

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He's escaping from the interior and providing a source of energy for life down there which is so far down below the surface that sunlight doesn't actually penetrate. So this is life that's really driven by that chemical energy from by the energy of heat

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from down below and scientists wonder if a similar situation could exist on Europa, and it's been there for a really long time, with potentially enough time for microbial life to form and develop the way that it did here on Earth.

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So the way we're going to end up studying Europa, in terms of mission design is to not put the spacecraft in orbit around the moon itself, Europa is nice and nestled inside that don't have radiation I talked about earlier, around Jupiter and that would

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be really difficult for us to design a spacecraft to be able to handle. And so we're going to be orbiting Jupiter, but in such a way that we do multiple flybys of Europa, using the five wise themselves to target us for the next one, and make a web of

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Five Eyes around the moon about 50 of them fairly low altitude is a range of altitudes but the lowest ones are down to, as far as 25 kilometers above the surface, and a little under four years, and that'll give us an opportunity to do kind of a global,

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regional coverage from that orbit, Jupiter, to keep us out of the high radiation environment, most of the time, but give us a really good data set from.

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I'm similar to Gino clipper has a lot of different science instruments that are looking for a lot of different things, or particles and fields instruments that would be kind of examining what we can see on the surface, there is an ice penetrating radar,

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that will help us plumb the depths of that I shall, there's a magnetometer, which will help us since the ocean properties. And there's a thermal imager that don't let us search for hot spots on the surface, there are instruments that allow us to detect

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clues if there are clues there at Europe for a while the spacecraft was there, lots of, lots of fun and games for the scientists to get their data back and learn as much as we can about the spacecraft itself, the engineering challenges that needed to

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be overcome, were similar to the ones that genuine had to face, and the spacecraft were partnering with APL to develop and many other partners and contractors for both the instruments and the spacecraft body.

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We had to deal with the long Jupyter sun range, and similar to Juneau the space of the solar powered and has really large solar arrays that stretch off the edge of a basketball field and has three lithium ion batteries.

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Unlike Juno the spacecraft is expecting to see fairly long eclipses at Jupiter the spacecraft is designed to deal with nine hour long eclipses at the max.

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We are also needing to deal with the radiation there is electronics falls on this spacecraft as well, in order to protect the electronics from all really far away from the sign, as opposed to you know which had most of which had electric heaters and really

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and blankets this spacecraft has a heat redistribution system that has a pump that pumps refrigerant around types that are trying to take what would otherwise be wasting from electronics volts and pump it around, propulsion module, so that we can be as

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efficient as possible in keeping the spacecraft warm and it does also have some electric heaters and from the blankets and for the long distance to Earth, you can see again a similar large high gain antenna, and we have medium gain and several loading

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antennas the spacecraft has XMK then download movies or something it's faded back to the earth, and similar to all spacecraft we've got a command and data handling system.

02:05:12.000 --> 02:05:28.000
This one has a mix of behaviors like very complex activities that are kind of hard coded baked into the software, and also flexible sequencing architecture that let's extend it a series of commands to do very specific activities, and similar Did you know

02:05:28.000 --> 02:05:41.000
we have for protection so that if things go wrong. The spacecraft can take some action and keep itself safe until the ground can get back in for the propulsion system, unlike you know this one does not have a single name engine that we use to get into

02:05:41.000 --> 02:05:56.000
orbit, but we use the dressers the same dressers that we use for attitude control and just burn them for a really long time. In order to get the spacecraft into orbit, and there's an active pressure control system pressurized both the fuel and oxidizer

02:05:56.000 --> 02:06:09.000
when we're doing those long users in order to get the spacecraft into orbit. And then we have the fairly standard attitude control of the Star Trek that are some sensors inertial measurement units, all for attitude knowledge, and then reaction wheels

02:06:09.000 --> 02:06:13.000
will not underestimate us to control the spacecraft attitude.

02:06:13.000 --> 02:06:28.000
So where we are right now with the spacecraft, we got through our critical design review. In December, which is one of the major deep stone, one of the major gates reviews that we need to talk through all of our design and spacecraft and mission system

02:06:28.000 --> 02:06:43.000
and the ground data system, and the instruments and all the various, various elements of the project to Are you bored, which contains numbers from NASA headquarters and industry in order to go through all of our design and make sure that we are touching

02:06:43.000 --> 02:06:53.000
all the things that need to be fully refined, as we're now moving into the stage of manufacturing hardware and looking at starting our assembly and test you.

02:06:53.000 --> 02:06:56.000
In the spring of next year.

02:06:56.000 --> 02:07:10.000
I think that's the last slide that I included, and I left us a little bit of time at the end here for questions.

02:07:10.000 --> 02:07:14.000
Oh, fantastic,

02:07:14.000 --> 02:07:35.000
Yeah, fantastic. It's a talk is very, you know, very exciting. So give us, almost like 30 minutes. So I think, Daniel has quite a bit Mr good is from Astrobotic, you know, the company who got the NASA tipping point contract or doing the lender rovers,

02:07:35.000 --> 02:07:38.000
located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

02:07:38.000 --> 02:07:43.000
So he's our speaker data today for site tour and for their land rover.

02:07:43.000 --> 02:07:51.000
He has extensive experience with was launched Operation so I think, then you'll miss, Mr. Gary, welcome to speak out.

02:07:51.000 --> 02:08:08.000
Oh, no, no, just awesome job I guess one quick question, what would you say is the largest challenge on these deep space long duration missions you face from a spacecraft design perspective, for example, is it more thermal comms What do you think is the

02:08:08.000 --> 02:08:19.000
most challenging area of all the things that anything is I'm laughing because I'm imagining any of my subsystem engineer standing next thing you'd be like my systems the hardest know.

02:08:19.000 --> 02:08:31.000
I personally tend to and maybe it's because I spent a lot of my career working with our fall protection teams in order to develop policies and try to figure out how to keep the spacecraft say, I tend to think of it as default protection, just because

02:08:31.000 --> 02:08:45.000
there's so many different things, we have to keep in mind and so many options we have in order to deal with those issues. And we have to come up with a balance between making the system so insanely complex that you're trying to figure out how to respond

02:08:45.000 --> 02:08:59.000
to, you know, 57,000 different things. And then you get yourself into trouble because that complexity can spawn some problems on your own that you didn't anticipate and and making the system, overly simple so that you don't respond to all the things that

02:08:59.000 --> 02:09:10.000
you need to respond to so finding that right balance, and then making sure you have time to develop all that software and do all the verification validation testing of that software, and then still have it be flexible enough so that we can come up with

02:09:10.000 --> 02:09:32.000
new surprises you didn't anticipate that, in my opinion, is one of the hardest challenges, but one of the more fun ones to.

02:09:32.000 --> 02:09:45.000
presentation. We're failure analysis if I want to avoid calamity that happened with the rocket American by step in the learning phase. So yeah, there are, there are some folks on the projects you've been writing publish papers if you want more details

02:09:45.000 --> 02:09:56.000
about the system. I think if you do a search for Europa Clipper, and then type the piece that you're interested in like power system, and then you might be able to get some papers that pop out that way.

02:09:56.000 --> 02:10:07.000
If I have a minute. At the end of my talk while the next speakers are talking to go find a couple of things I can pop them into chat for you that on Google is your friend, there's a lot of really good stuff out there and there is a mission page, and maybe

02:10:07.000 --> 02:10:20.000
I can find that one, and the mission page itself probably has some links to recent publications to so I'll stick those in the chat momentarily.

02:10:20.000 --> 02:10:34.000
And the next question any plans to have a probe reach the Europa ocean. Yes, indeed. There are lots of people who are working, they're still in the early phases right of coming up with what technology would be necessary in order to first just put a lender

02:10:34.000 --> 02:10:48.000
on the surface, and then figure out how to get a probe below the ice, the things that are challenging about going below the ice hole there are lots of, but some of them are just the the thickness of the ice right, it really is 20, kilometers that's a

02:10:48.000 --> 02:11:02.000
way to go to get something below, you might be able to find places that are more hotspots by using like some of the data that will have on our spacecraft looking for places that are warmer and therefore theoretically have inner parts of the ice, but we

02:11:02.000 --> 02:11:17.000
also are super concerned about not contaminating the subsurface of Europa, if it really is a place where there might be life that has developed independently of life here on earth like it would just be terrible if in our efforts to go down and examine

02:11:17.000 --> 02:11:30.000
that we brought along Earth organisms and then contaminated it and found something and thought it was developed there but it wasn't, or even worse like something that was going to be harmful to the life that might be down there now.

02:11:30.000 --> 02:11:43.000
And so a lot of people have been trying to figure out ideas like that. I don't know if you're familiar with, like Vladivostok in Russia, but there was efforts in the past, I wrote about this a really long time to go to figure out how to get below the

02:11:43.000 --> 02:12:00.000
of the ice with that lake which they think might have been frozen over for a really long time and so had some scientifically interesting things to go and explore. So that's a place where people can practice ideas of how to get below the ice with something that's sterile be able to get your data all the way back to

02:12:00.000 --> 02:12:10.000
the ice to whatever asset you have on the surface, and then let the scientists get that information to study, what's there.

02:12:10.000 --> 02:12:12.000
Let's see.

02:12:12.000 --> 02:12:24.000
Nothing on this mission like ingenuity so not on the Europa Clipper mission we are purely an orbiter we're going to go there we've got the instruments that can sense the particles and field and the magnetic field from where we are and the instrument that

02:12:24.000 --> 02:12:34.000
can sense like surface composition and get through the ice but yeah we don't we don't have anything on Europa Clipper that's going to try to get down to the ground or detach and fly around engineering is pretty cool hopefully you guys are keeping an eye

02:12:34.000 --> 02:12:42.000
on the news feeds to see how the little helicopter on Mars does when they're able to get it off the ground.

02:12:42.000 --> 02:12:49.000
Oh hey, chase it This is so exciting, but you mentioned about it you have a couple private Low, low altitude.

02:12:49.000 --> 02:13:03.000
Are they all low altitude or somehow there's some low altitude and how low it would be here next I think that the highest ones or something on the order of 1700 kilometers, but the lowest ones are like 25 kilometers I swear I when I first joined the mission

02:13:03.000 --> 02:13:16.000
and I saw that number of like is not a typo is there is your list of like, Wow, that's really low. So that's going to be kind of amazing in terms of just that the quality of the data we're going to get with the insurance flying back close to the surface

02:13:16.000 --> 02:13:22.000
and our ability to be able to detect Clunes to like, wow, I personally can't wait.

02:13:22.000 --> 02:13:27.000
Yeah 25 minutes, you know, it's kind of scary, very low. Yeah.

02:13:27.000 --> 02:13:38.000
It is when I'm looking out my window like I'm about that far away from downtown LA and I'm thinking, wow, is that like, really, this amazing. It's amazing.

02:13:38.000 --> 02:13:53.000
Yeah. Um, so, it looks like there's no but anyway there's no topography right it looks a callow. There's no heels or content so there's tension yeah and you know that's a good question because I know when we looked at that one picture earlier and you

02:13:53.000 --> 02:14:06.000
can see like the cracks and the terrain, you can see some of the craters. I don't know what the what the topography is right from from the things that you can see there, but there isn't like Mount Everest.

02:14:06.000 --> 02:14:16.000
I don't think there isn't not the one but it's like there is on Mars. So I think those are the things that make it feasible for us to fly such a low altitude Yeah, but I'm going to go talk to my scientists and see it.

02:14:16.000 --> 02:14:26.000
Yeah. Yeah, please. You know because actually another scary thing is how do you measure because mobile wrong right and the the shape become very oval shape so actually change.

02:14:26.000 --> 02:14:36.000
You know the shape change, you know, because the gravity, you know, is reporting and they become a little Yeah, really exaggerated in the picture that I showed you.

02:14:36.000 --> 02:14:44.000
So the error that the margin of error needs to be very very small, I guess. Because, you know, because that the expansion of the thing.

02:14:44.000 --> 02:14:53.000
The other thing is is the beautiful picture, you know, is a virtual background you see a lot of service structure, those stripes. Yeah.

02:14:53.000 --> 02:15:08.000
So, initially it looks like is like a river, river bad but it's probably not. can you comment on those structure what what is, you know, I was just looking that up because someone had asked me that the other day about what those are made from, and I found

02:15:08.000 --> 02:15:21.000
that, so the Galileo spacecraft took a spectrometer along with it, it was more like near infrared spectrometer, and people can use the Hubble Space Telescope to do visible spectrometry on the moon.

02:15:21.000 --> 02:15:34.000
And what I found is that they think that that kind of rusty red surface that you're talking about is made of water is mixed with some hydrated salts, maybe magnesium sulfate or sulfuric acid.

02:15:34.000 --> 02:15:49.000
And I think the idea. And again, the engineer not as I do so go Google and I'll go back and talked about a lot of things our lead project scientist, but I think the idea is that those cracks happen and then water can come up and resurface and I don't

02:15:49.000 --> 02:16:03.000
know if it's being in the radiation environment that is interacting with whatever that is on the surface that the water with, with hydrated salts, that is causing them to dis color in that way, but it is interesting that you can see so much of the features,

02:16:03.000 --> 02:16:05.000
based on that.

02:16:05.000 --> 02:16:17.000
Yeah, but you see this very interesting you know engineering point of view, since you mentioned that the noise tried by will be 25 kilometer. You know you can just drop some very tiny, you know rover robot.

02:16:17.000 --> 02:16:24.000
Right. You know, it just dropped you know 25 kilometers, by now.

02:16:24.000 --> 02:16:25.000
That would be cool.

02:16:25.000 --> 02:16:29.000
Yeah.

02:16:29.000 --> 02:16:34.000
It's still time for something there every record so excited.

02:16:34.000 --> 02:16:48.000
Yeah, that'll be amazing Outlander on the date with a team, there is a team of people who are working on a proposal for a landed mission on Mars, and it's so on Mars on Europa and one of the things that is super challenging is.

02:16:48.000 --> 02:17:02.000
So, landing on Mars. Also very hard, but you do have some atmosphere to work with those of you who watch the perseverance landing or familiar with the Curiosity rover landing you seen the huge parachute that is used to help slow the rover down before

02:17:02.000 --> 02:17:13.000
then, let's go with the shooting switches to retro rockets to come to the rest of the way down, and there's no atmosphere religious because on Europa, you can get some little bits of water vapor when you have the blues but there's nothing like that you

02:17:13.000 --> 02:17:26.000
can't, you can't use a parachute you're really going to have to deal with coming down in a power descent. And the thing that is a little bit scary about that is, again, very pristine place might have all the ingredients for life really don't want to put

02:17:26.000 --> 02:17:35.000
any Earth jump down there. And so you have to be concerned, to make sure not only that technically, all of your components work to get you to the ground.

02:17:35.000 --> 02:17:47.000
But in that, what if hypothetical situation something goes horribly horribly wrong and you are going to have an unintended crash landing under the surface, you have to make sure that even in that condition, you're not going to be contaminating the surface

02:17:47.000 --> 02:18:00.000
with whatever it is that came on your spacecraft so that's that's a pretty huge challenge for a video of the lander team to work their way around as they are trying to develop a mission plan to to get down on the surface of that.

02:18:00.000 --> 02:18:10.000
Yeah, actually, I'm asking this good force people because sometimes we have the space architecture events and there are people asking you know.

02:18:10.000 --> 02:18:13.000
Can people live on your own Europa creeper.

02:18:13.000 --> 02:18:23.000
Do you think it's a good the various the surface the surface stable and not, they don't know their water. Now there's water so it should be good for Habitat or something like that.

02:18:23.000 --> 02:18:27.000
Yeah, that's a really fun thing to think about, I don't know.

02:18:27.000 --> 02:18:29.000
But that's one of my favorites. Yeah, that's right.

02:18:29.000 --> 02:18:39.000
And I think we had, like, farms on both Europa and getting me, and because there's lots of water there, you think that would be an interesting place to restore from human colonies.

02:18:39.000 --> 02:18:54.000
One of the things that people are going to have to figure out how to deal with is that, really, really intense radiation environment that the moons are just bathed in all the time on Europa, and when people ask me another talks to like, why you decided

02:18:54.000 --> 02:19:10.000
think that there might be a possibility of life there the radiation is so intense. It turns out that water and ice are a pretty good radiation shield and when you're below 25 kilometers of ice. Then there's a more protected environment down there, where there's liquid water and then as you go further down there's even more

02:19:10.000 --> 02:19:22.000
as you go farther down there's even more water above you and radiation environment and you have the heat that's welling up from the, from the moon, based on the title hitting like all of that stuff makes it still pretty good environment for life, under

02:19:22.000 --> 02:19:34.000
the ice, if you're talking about humans who are trying to have a colony or some kind of presence on the surface. Now you got your work cut out for you to figure out how to protect people from that radiation environment long term.

02:19:34.000 --> 02:19:45.000
So that's also this is a kind of segue because you mentioned your bio you inspired by science fiction and movie movies, who, which one you like most. Which was.

02:19:45.000 --> 02:19:57.000
So when I was in when I was growing up, definitely Star Trek, not the next generation sorry mom, she didn't made me watch that one but I liked it yes the next generation I like that one better than the original series.

02:19:57.000 --> 02:20:08.000
And what else do I like most, I mean I had to like Star Wars because you had to as a kid in the 70 days. But I think Battlestar Galactica was one of the shows that I really liked to me too.

02:20:08.000 --> 02:20:18.000
Yeah. And even though people, some people didn't like the new one because they changed some of the characters around. I really enjoyed them in a lot so that was great but right now the experience has to be my favorite Savage, you guys fit.

02:20:18.000 --> 02:20:27.000
Yeah, actually, I have the same feeling to initially I saw the new Battlestar today it was a little bit strange, you know, stop by become

02:20:27.000 --> 02:20:29.000
obvious change.

02:20:29.000 --> 02:20:40.000
It is a have that initial you know that romantic epic feeling but you're right I agree that kind of fun, fun stuff is pretty cool. Yeah.

02:20:40.000 --> 02:20:54.000
Yeah, very good yeah you know this this actually indeed very inspiring and actually some of our Apollo engineer, you know, or shadow into they said they were inspired, when they were kids, you know, by by earlier.

02:20:54.000 --> 02:21:07.000
Right. You know, like a destination moon you know those kinds of styles, you know, so it's really the same thing. I find that a lot of times that myself and my colleagues and the people that I talk to you all have this this deep connection to science

02:21:07.000 --> 02:21:15.000
fiction and it's the thing that made us really want to get involved in the space industry and do things to help push mankind a little farther down that path.

02:21:15.000 --> 02:21:27.000
One of the things that's really cool about living in Los Angeles, there's this group called the National Academy of Sciences, science and entertainment exchange, and they work with people in the industry writers and producers and try to get them connected

02:21:27.000 --> 02:21:43.000
with folks who do the kind of work that we do, and also a bunch of other fields, so that they can inject the kinds of movies or or theater. She plays or books or whatever they're coming up with, with more realistic science and technology, both of their

02:21:43.000 --> 02:21:55.000
and also for characters, it's a really cool thing that they're doing. And so, my life is a little bit come full circle from being inspired by science fiction to want to get a degree that allows me to work for NASA to then work with people who are trying

02:21:55.000 --> 02:22:05.000
to make better science fiction to inspire the next generation, kind of, fantastic. Yeah, that's good. Did, did they ask you to act in some of the movies.

02:22:05.000 --> 02:22:09.000
That would be scary that is not one of my skills.

02:22:09.000 --> 02:22:24.000
Yeah is a brief balance, you know was science, engineering due to the actual you're right i think that's also adequate want to do and also un JPL because you know it's important to that the movie producer you know know you know some realistic things so

02:22:24.000 --> 02:22:37.000
you know that inspire the next generation properly, you know it's not the to why the all something with science and engineering principle there so that's very, very important.

02:22:37.000 --> 02:22:43.000
So, so it kind of this you know of course this other thing i still in design but my all the engineering.

02:22:43.000 --> 02:23:00.000
You know test for the journal and Robert Cray but overall, it can, can you tell us you know one, one thing you think is more exciting or challenging, you know, you know, something like that, you know, I'll tell you one of the things that is my favorite

02:23:00.000 --> 02:23:09.000
is we do a series of tests called mission scenario tests. But we, when we, when we are going through the process of verifying validating that a spacecraft works.

02:23:09.000 --> 02:23:23.000
You have to start with the basics right with all your subsystems do these specific individual components work by themselves. We have a lot of people who doing code testing of pieces of the software, but I like when you're getting toward the end and all

02:23:23.000 --> 02:23:34.000
the things that come together and you're trying to show that the station of hardware and software works together when you try to put it through its paces and sort of a day in the life, and you're running the whole launch scenario or you're running the

02:23:34.000 --> 02:23:48.000
whole orbit insertion scenario or you're running a whole bunch of things strung together that have to be done in crews. I particularly like that because it's your opportunity to really see how the spacecraft is working and get a chance to see if there

02:23:48.000 --> 02:24:01.000
are surprises, where things aren't going exactly the way you expect them to, so there's that set of tests, and I also really enjoy the fault injection cases where we can't do, we can't we can't throw like all the different balls we did it by the actual

02:24:01.000 --> 02:24:15.000
actual hardware that's gonna fly because you might break something. And so we do a lot of testing on our tests that are in our software only sins, and that's cool because when you get to throw problems at the spacecraft and see how it responds.

02:24:15.000 --> 02:24:24.000
Things happen that are different than you expected all the time and that's when you learn the most about your system. That's when you have an opportunity to make some final changes before you launch it.

02:24:24.000 --> 02:24:27.000
I think those kinds of things are pretty exciting.

02:24:27.000 --> 02:24:34.000
Yes it is. It also, you know, you mentioned this submission for the robot clipper is about four years.

02:24:34.000 --> 02:24:51.000
So So after that is just continue to do things or, you know, is there any plan or you just continue to obit in our somehow until the weather is wrong, or yeah and and and to tell you about what might happen with the broad tell you about what's happening

02:24:51.000 --> 02:25:04.000
with Gina so Gina was intended to just do 32 science orbits and then they were going to just like they did with the Cassini spacecraft de orbited into Jupyter to dispose of it so that it will never accidentally at some point in the future like crashed

02:25:04.000 --> 02:25:17.000
onto Europa, for example. And recently, earlier this year, actually they got granted and mission extension so NASA. Additional funding for the spacecraft to do another, I want to say.

02:25:17.000 --> 02:25:36.000
Another 40 orbits maybe like at least until 2025, or until the spacecraft runs out of fuel or has some fault so that it doesn't work anymore. And so a similar thing with Europa, our mission plan right now is to do the the 50, or so, flybys of Europa plus

02:25:36.000 --> 02:26:03.000
a couple of the other moons, and that's how we define our budgets, that's how we are making sure all of our requirements for the components need to survive that long, it kind of is intended to end there and then when the disposal of the stage at the end,

02:26:03.000 --> 02:26:13.000
Oh, actually there's a question in the q amp a, I have another question but I think given the chance to the attendee.

02:26:13.000 --> 02:26:17.000
Ah, yes for instruments, Israel.

02:26:17.000 --> 02:26:31.000
Wow, that's a lot of things in one question. So sensitivity of the instruments does make a difference when the scientists are trying to figure out what they want to learn about Europa, that kind of folds into what kind of resolutions for example is required

02:26:31.000 --> 02:26:43.000
for the instruments to be able to produce, we think about things like how accurately the stage has has to be able to point so that the instruments can get the data that they need, at the right level of accuracy to do their science data backup mechanisms

02:26:43.000 --> 02:26:57.000
are in place, we have a lot of primary and backup components like we have to start trekkers we have to I news we have reaction wheels. There are a lot of things that if a specific component fails, the spacecraft can swap to the other one and keep going.

02:26:57.000 --> 02:27:12.000
So yes that's within the team systems. Do we have something in place to avoid space debris. So, I think about it this way, we do have to keep in mind micrometeorites, and there are things in place that are intended to protect us against the environment

02:27:12.000 --> 02:27:20.000
that we expect to see so yes, that we already have lots of satellites in space, maybe not millions with their life.

02:27:20.000 --> 02:27:24.000
Do you employ formal verification techniques for hardware and software design.

02:27:24.000 --> 02:27:36.000
Yes, I'm not sure what the lots of satellites one mean, but we do use verification techniques there there are a lot of specific ways we go about checking out the software specific ways to go about checking out the hardware, there are things that we need

02:27:36.000 --> 02:27:48.000
to tailor our test and analysis program for for each new spacecraft because their objectives are a little bit different and their requirements are a little bit different, the hardware is a little bit different so you have this combination of standard

02:27:48.000 --> 02:27:54.000
types of things plus special things for your mission for today.

02:27:54.000 --> 02:28:09.000
Actually, Tracy you got me so pumped up I'm so excited right now that you mentioned that you mentioned about this the mission will also observe the other moons right. Yes, and I'll make a couple of flybys of. Wow.

02:28:09.000 --> 02:28:23.000
And some of that is just because I might be wrong about this I think in check with our mission design guys but in order to set up the spacecraft to do all the flybys in the altitude and the timing that we want for your robot I think we have to use some

02:28:23.000 --> 02:28:38.000
gravity assist from a couple of the other means to the book but for those it's just like imaging, or they also do some kind of scientific detection. Yeah, we'll take all the data with our whole suite of instruments for every single one.

02:28:38.000 --> 02:28:48.000
Wow. See I'm so pumped up you know this is so exciting, you know, not just a robot and also colorist Academy, this very

02:28:48.000 --> 02:28:59.000
is crazy this is normally Fun, Fun stuff you're doing, you know, really cool. So just want to remind anyone do you have any question this is great opportunity Tracy.

02:28:59.000 --> 02:29:08.000
So, you know, that may vary, you know, a dynamic speaker so it's a great opportunity is very knowledgeable as well.

02:29:08.000 --> 02:29:18.000
So if you want to say something, I mean, as your question you can raise your hand. Get a muted or tapping q amp a.

02:29:18.000 --> 02:29:24.000
I think you're the next speaker was supposed to start at 45.

02:29:24.000 --> 02:29:29.000
Okay, so there's still another 10 minutes and most people need a bio break.

02:29:29.000 --> 02:29:31.000
Thank you. Thank you.

02:29:31.000 --> 02:29:45.000
See ya written you know okay.

02:29:45.000 --> 02:29:48.000
I think master my slides.

02:29:48.000 --> 02:30:04.000
Oh, I see me you want to show you that slides or no no I didn't talk too fast through my slides and left lots of time for q&a, you've been asking great questions that we can Thanks, I appreciate why I just you know sometimes I do you know because the

02:30:04.000 --> 02:30:20.000
different style, you know, some speaker that prefer to, you know, interactive exchange with the speaker, I mean the attendee and some, some, you know, speaker has tons of that you know of slides no almost no time.

02:30:20.000 --> 02:30:34.000
So, you know, some sometimes I ask some question to you know make make sure you know the interaction could be, you know, and the sometimes as you some our attendees and Louis shy, you know, you know, they can, kind of, you know, sometimes they can warm

02:30:34.000 --> 02:30:45.000
up a little bit, no kind of fun question to to break the ice, you know, then, you know, they start to get heated up.

02:30:45.000 --> 02:31:00.000
So, but basically I think that this mission that I'll try exciting you know is, is coming soon and is very, very, very important to carry out those, you know, for the most and more Jupiter.

02:31:00.000 --> 02:31:16.000
Just amazing and you know those those for the also historic meaning because these are the Cali they are moons, you know. Yeah. is it you know it's a test, kind of historic meaning, you know, when you can explore them, you more details.

02:31:16.000 --> 02:31:30.000
Yeah, a lot of grieving you know if you think about the difficulty Canada went through. He was almost kind of you know the the church Vatican church didn't like him.

02:31:30.000 --> 02:31:40.000
So the thing is, this is a heresy. What do you mean, you know, first move around the sun, you know, it's crazy. And I heard a story was actually very fascinating because actually the Pope.

02:31:40.000 --> 02:31:45.000
At that time, the Pope of Vatican was his childhood best friend.

02:31:45.000 --> 02:31:54.000
Yeah, so the Pope and asked him. Yeah, actually the story was actually, if the Pope was was not his best way he would probably have been put on fire burn burn burn.

02:31:54.000 --> 02:32:09.000
Yeah, because the Pope was his body, you know, so the Pope has telling him multiple times total down, you just just don't talk so loud and he will try to cover it, but go they'll will not stop you just said this is shows you just keep going.

02:32:09.000 --> 02:32:20.000
And he got so so bad and the pope had to put him, you know, house present but he know a lot of people want to burn him, you know heresy you know somebody like that.

02:32:20.000 --> 02:32:28.000
But I think, I think, no Pope was his body so it probably would not would not do that. So it was very bad.

02:32:28.000 --> 02:32:43.000
It was, it was really amazing so I think that this is, this journey, as you say, Oh, you have a creeper Juno has very deep, meaningful human, you know, this reasoning and scientific exploration because very rarely do perseverance of God.

02:32:43.000 --> 02:32:44.000
You know that's come to all this.

02:32:44.000 --> 02:32:55.000
come to all this. One of the things that I think is really cool is that a lot of us who work on issues like this, and and the people who help us decide how to connect what we're doing with public.

02:32:55.000 --> 02:33:12.000
They like to reach back and tell the stories of how Galileo and people were involved and you guys might not know this but and you know there's these little Lego figurines made of aluminum, and one of them is Galileo, holding,

02:33:12.000 --> 02:33:22.000
which is really cool because you know we're trying to give some props to Galileo for the discoveries that he made and there's also a little plaque that has an etching of it.

02:33:22.000 --> 02:33:36.000
That is a page from his notebook, when he was taking notes as he was discovering the Galilean satellites that is like a woman thing that Ashton is on the spacecraft body to that is now out there at Jupiter, which is really cool.

02:33:36.000 --> 02:33:49.000
It'd be nice if there was somehow we could like go back in time and tell him that that was going to happen be super excited and yeah it is something because it's one person against all the church system, and you will not back off.

02:33:49.000 --> 02:33:59.000
He know he could have been put to death but, you know, he just said, Well anyway, I think, sort of a device either it's a few more question we would you be interested in.

02:33:59.000 --> 02:34:09.000
Oh sure, I see this question in the chat how big on a fault trees that get developed with the design. Yeah, I don't actually remember how big the Europa one was but when I think about the one for Juno.

02:34:09.000 --> 02:34:13.000
We had one for lunch we had one for orbit insertion.

02:34:13.000 --> 02:34:24.000
And I know on MRO when I did them we had one for arrow breaking, and I think that you could get to the point where I'm on any one thing like lunch, you might have like 800 different things out there on the edges of the leaves that you didn't have to go

02:34:24.000 --> 02:34:37.000
figure out what to do about, and then you'd have another one for the different major phases. So, that's a good question. I have to go look and see how many are out there for the Europa poetry.

02:34:37.000 --> 02:34:50.000
But yeah, you can imagine it's kind of a, an incredible amount to then go figure out what to do about each one of those, and that's like the fall trees are the top down way of looking at it and then there's the from Nikos which are the failure mode effects

02:34:50.000 --> 02:35:03.000
and criticality analysis where you're looking at each individual component. If something inside that component fails, what happens and what are its symptoms and that's very like grassroots bottoms up and then you want to make sure that those two things

02:35:03.000 --> 02:35:17.000
meet in the middle and you're taking care of all the different things that could happen across all of your hardware and software on the stage again. I think what we have time for one more question so Santos, Mr Satish Kumar raise hand so centers, do you

02:35:17.000 --> 02:35:21.000
want to unmute yourself as this last question for Tracy.

02:35:21.000 --> 02:35:24.000
And yet you guys hear me.

02:35:24.000 --> 02:35:39.000
Yeah, no, the causes of this going to come on the GALILEO I think the issue with Galileo was that the Catholic Church, at the time, had an earth centric view of the universe that believe that everything orbiting around the Earth, as opposed to the sun

02:35:39.000 --> 02:35:43.000
and the sun orbiting Of course around.

02:35:43.000 --> 02:35:58.000
Was it Sagittarius A star, and the galaxy and so forth and so, because you can flip that view, he was risking excommunication from the Catholic church but the church has of course, since change its view and now they revere Galileo so that's an important

02:35:58.000 --> 02:36:03.000
part to to notice that they have fully embrace them.

02:36:03.000 --> 02:36:20.000
So just took some time, but I believe it was, Apollo 15 or 16, I think was 15, Dave Scott actually did a tribute to Gail if you guys famous remember on the, on the surface of the moon, although I'm not sure if he got himself confusing Newton but basically

02:36:20.000 --> 02:36:26.000
he wanted to demonstrate that an absence of an atmosphere, the gravity affects all objects equally.

02:36:26.000 --> 02:36:37.000
And so he dropped a hammer and a feather and showed an absence atmosphere, they both hit the deck, the surface of the moon, at the same exact time and that was his tribute to go live.

02:36:37.000 --> 02:36:53.000
Right. Yeah, that's a while ago though is so highly regarded and respected, you know, because he not only had the knowledge he had, he has the right sense of the human reasoning and scientific principle, and that he had the courage, you know that does that that's

02:36:53.000 --> 02:37:05.000
that that's something you know it's really amazing and that's also our speaker Tracy has that say is working on the she's working on this and the for expanding the human region and also the human.

02:37:05.000 --> 02:37:21.000
The scientific scope of the understanding of the solar system. So, thank you so much Tracy I want to add that it was kind of interesting that they that the Catholic Church went from that kind of you to the whole idea of the Big Bang and expanding universe.

02:37:21.000 --> 02:37:34.000
It was actually a Catholic priest, I camera camera the guy's name because of the name. If you look it up online you'll find it, who was the biggest proponent of that view of the universe that we have an expanding universe in the Big Bang and all that

02:37:34.000 --> 02:37:45.000
and who would have thought that they would go from, you know, the view they had back then to now embracing the Big Bang, you know, so they've made quite a swing from one to the other one side to the other in terms of us.

02:37:45.000 --> 02:37:48.000
And I know that either.

02:37:48.000 --> 02:37:53.000
Okay, thank you so much Tracy This is fantastic stay in touch.

02:37:53.000 --> 02:37:58.000
Thanks for having me. Oh, our honor, or honor. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you so much.

02:37:58.000 --> 02:38:06.000
Alright, so I think our next speaker, Tanja Miss Georgia is here.

02:38:06.000 --> 02:38:15.000
Okay, so let me do this.

02:38:15.000 --> 02:38:18.000
So I already.

02:38:18.000 --> 02:38:21.000
Okay, yeah, you're right. Okay, great.

02:38:21.000 --> 02:38:36.000
Hello. Hello Hello wonderful okay so I would just say a few words. So, our speaker today is for us is the Southern California recruitment coordinator for the famous in cops stem teachers program.

02:38:36.000 --> 02:38:41.000
Basically this program is to provide success.

02:38:41.000 --> 02:38:58.000
The stem access and the closest achievement gaps for students in low income communities by supporting industry professionals becoming teachers in Coast region is to realize a day, we're all students regardless of socio economic status.

02:38:58.000 --> 02:39:16.000
Our inspire and prepare to pursue their dreams. So her work as in copes Tanja is constantly inspired by the you know the the the industry professionals, you know, for the knowledge and the sharing their expertise with the next generation so that's even

02:39:16.000 --> 02:39:21.000
more that's exciting. You know efforts from from tangent so welcome.

02:39:21.000 --> 02:39:33.000
I thank you so much for having me. I have a few slides to share so I'm going to share my screen quickly see you from start. All right. Yeah. So thank you again for having me.

02:39:33.000 --> 02:39:41.000
I'm just going to share a little bit more information about encore some teachers program and again my name is Tanya Schroeder and I am the Southern California recruitment coordinator.

02:39:41.000 --> 02:39:52.000
So thank you so much for that introduction. So I encore we are some professionals providing high quality education to close the achievement gaps for students in low income communities.

02:39:52.000 --> 02:39:57.000
And so the next few slides will just tell you a little bit about why we exist, but here for example.

02:39:57.000 --> 02:40:02.000
Since 2014 you can see that in the state of California.

02:40:02.000 --> 02:40:13.000
The schools have had a teacher shortage crisis. And so these two lines that you can see the blue is the estimated new teacher hires that will be needed.

02:40:13.000 --> 02:40:25.000
And then the red is the amount of credentials that are being issued and so those two lines are going in opposite directions and so it just kind of shows the teacher shortage that's happening and that has been happening for years.

02:40:25.000 --> 02:40:36.000
And what happens is our students are the people affected by this shortage so in the state of California. Only 40% of students are meeting or exceeding their mouth standards.

02:40:36.000 --> 02:40:46.000
And when you look at that statistic by demographics, you can see that the students that are affected the most are African American and Latino and Hispanic communities.

02:40:46.000 --> 02:40:51.000
They are at the bottom of this, of this graph.

02:40:51.000 --> 02:41:01.000
And so again, what encores doing is we're trying to change the statistics, by working with some industry professionals who are transitioning to becoming teachers.

02:41:01.000 --> 02:41:11.000
And we do this because them industry professionals bring real worlds expertise and relevant STEM education to the students who need it the most.

02:41:11.000 --> 02:41:20.000
Encore has two opportunities at the moment that can make an impact in education so the first one, as you know, is the teaching fellowship.

02:41:20.000 --> 02:41:34.000
This is a pathway to becoming a full time teacher so this would be for someone who is talking about a career change or maybe they're approaching retirement and they're considering to teach for a few years before fully retiring.

02:41:34.000 --> 02:41:49.000
We work specifically with high need schools, which are the schools that have higher communities of the populations I mentioned previously, and then we do this with a flexible timeline so someone who becomes a teaching follow through on court has about

02:41:49.000 --> 02:42:01.000
year to three years to transition into teaching so we try to accommodate people depending on what pathway they are on. And we do this currently in the state of California and Colorado.

02:42:01.000 --> 02:42:09.000
We are looking to expand and create more partnerships and other states as this is a need in more places but at the moment we're just in California and Colorado.

02:42:09.000 --> 02:42:18.000
And then we have a volunteer opportunity so for people who want to make an impact in education, but not necessarily transition into a full time teaching position.

02:42:18.000 --> 02:42:27.000
We have a virtual math tutoring opportunity. Again, we're working with high need schools, a lot of the similar schools as, as the fellowship.

02:42:27.000 --> 02:42:39.000
This is all volunteer run so our stomachs tutors are volunteering for about two hours a week throughout the duration of a semester, and they're partnered with one student and they do one on one tutoring sessions.

02:42:39.000 --> 02:42:52.000
This is a very flexible program as the tutor and the students can pick a time that works the best for them so we have tutors who are meeting their students on virtually on Sunday mornings or Wednesday evenings or, or their Monday afternoon lunch break

02:42:52.000 --> 02:43:07.000
so it's it's really flexible program. And it's also a national program because it's virtual, we're able to have volunteers from all over the United States, so that's been really great we have volunteers from about, maybe 30, different states joining us

02:43:07.000 --> 02:43:09.000
for this program.

02:43:09.000 --> 02:43:23.000
So I just want to share a video that shadows, the two fellows and they really speak about encore the best and just what it means to them to be able to introduce their stem industry experience into the classroom and share it with the students.

02:43:23.000 --> 02:43:26.000
I grew up in the South Bronx.

02:43:26.000 --> 02:43:40.000
didn't have any interest in aviation or aerospace, until I met my seventh grade teacher who had to be a pilot and realized like, I'm going to be like work gardening, because he flew assessment on the weekends.

02:43:40.000 --> 02:43:55.000
Prior to becoming a teacher, I was director of operations for the YouTube aircraft responsible for my maintenance and flight operation, they always surprised when I say that oh yeah I used to be an architect or an engineer, My daughter was in middle school,

02:43:55.000 --> 02:44:12.000
school, and I realized that students don't like math, and they don't really know math either and it's not even their fault. So that's when I decided that I always wanted to be a teacher, I always liked teaching math so maybe I should look into getting

02:44:12.000 --> 02:44:31.000
a career in teaching working, some of the most amazing aircraft, that's out there that's satisfaction, equals the satisfaction of a student who comes in the class, with no awareness for aerospace engineering.

02:44:31.000 --> 02:44:48.000
They are 110%, engage and you can see them, embracing that knowledge. So I think if you just walk into an encore classroom into our aerospace engineering classroom with Julia Louis, you can feel a difference.

02:44:48.000 --> 02:45:00.000
It's palpable. And I think the difference is that rich body of real world experiences, help students understand to really see their own future and Julian brings up every day.

02:45:00.000 --> 02:45:03.000
Oftentimes, I'll walk in find him.

02:45:03.000 --> 02:45:15.000
Putting up pictures of past projects that he personally has worked on in his professional career and drawing the students into what it must have been like for him to be working both in the team, and on his own in the real workplace.

02:45:15.000 --> 02:45:21.000
So when I first thought wow, I'm gonna look into how I could become a teacher.

02:45:21.000 --> 02:45:38.000
I did a lot of research, and I was like, Yes, I'll have to do this on my own. I can have somebody help me figure out how to get a credential, help me figure out if I would be a good teacher was very instrumental.

02:45:38.000 --> 02:45:42.000
That was the roadmap to get me into the classroom is very rewarding.

02:45:42.000 --> 02:45:58.000
At the end of the day, what it's going to be your legacy. What have you impacted. And as I share my experience. They are realizing that I to continue then they will be there the individuals.

02:45:58.000 --> 02:46:03.000
Because I'm here, and that keeps me giving up.

02:46:03.000 --> 02:46:10.000
I truly enjoy.

02:46:10.000 --> 02:46:22.000
Alright, so I hope that that helps everyone kind of see the essence of encore and just how it feels to be a fellow to be able to give back your experience to the students and make an impact in their lives.

02:46:22.000 --> 02:46:32.000
And then just to touch a little bit on the stomachs tutoring program, I just want to share about our students so on the screen you can see the demographic of the students that we're working with.

02:46:32.000 --> 02:46:41.000
Right now we're partnered with Alliance MIT and San Fernando Valley and accelerated schools in Los Angeles, we are looking to create more partnerships.

02:46:41.000 --> 02:46:53.000
So right now we're just in Los Angeles with the stomach tutoring. However, we are looking to expand to have partnerships in schools all throughout California, and ideally, in other states as well.

02:46:53.000 --> 02:47:08.000
But right now we're working with middle school students grades six to eight, and then the courses that they would be that they are in is geometry pre algebra algebra one, and the unique thing about this stomachs tutoring program is that we have access

02:47:08.000 --> 02:47:22.000
to a site coordinator at the school, and we have access to the students curriculum online. So as a tutor, you're coming in with awareness of what the student is going, what the student is doing in class, and what their lessons are like how they're doing

02:47:22.000 --> 02:47:30.000
on their homework how they're doing on their assignments, and you can exchange notes back and forth related to the tutoring sessions with the site coordinator.

02:47:30.000 --> 02:47:39.000
And so we really do want to make sure that the time spent tutoring the students is being tracked and that we can see an impact at the end of the semester.

02:47:39.000 --> 02:47:55.000
I also do you want to add that there is no formal curriculum that we're providing so every tutor that comes into this program has the opportunity to express their own creativity, when they're working with the student which is really cool as well.

02:47:55.000 --> 02:48:08.000
Alright, so thank you for taking a little bit of time to care about encore and the different ways that we're trying to make an impact in education. I hope that you enjoyed hearing about encore a little bit and if you do have any questions for me or want

02:48:08.000 --> 02:48:20.000
to get in touch or, or would like some more information I did provide my email address right here so please feel free to share that with someone that you know who might be interested in this program, or also reach out to me.

02:48:20.000 --> 02:48:28.000
And there's our website as well for more information. Thank you so much for your time

02:48:28.000 --> 02:48:41.000
today. Thank you so much, and the the education is very very important part for aerospace in the web so happy to, you know, to have you in quotes, you know, you know, showing up, you know, tell us about the we're doing.

02:48:41.000 --> 02:48:56.000
There's a great program before anybody has any question we still have a few minutes, you know, our next speaker is here but just clip as you mentioned about those teacher and celery school, are these four is more, you provide the school to add this to

02:48:56.000 --> 02:49:14.000
states teacher to those schools or is this kind of after school program. And further, tutoring program, it's kind of like an after school program, but it's good sentence virtual, it's very flexible as far as what time the tutoring sessions can be scheduled

02:49:14.000 --> 02:49:19.000
at, but for the fellowship, it would be someone becoming a full time teacher.

02:49:19.000 --> 02:49:32.000
So having a classroom of their own and being there on campus or right now virtually, you know, you want to write you know either. You know, aerospace, people they're passionate you know you're absolutely right.

02:49:32.000 --> 02:49:42.000
I feel the same thing. They're passionate you want to share and they want to, you know, do it some some some do it by themselves, individual efforts, but even putting them together give them some training.

02:49:42.000 --> 02:49:49.000
I think that's just great, but no football What do you expect from those people you know because if people still at work.

02:49:49.000 --> 02:50:04.000
The schedule might not be flexible for retirees, you know, they might have more friends with practical times over. But how did you kind of, kind of, how about you know, do, do you also, if somebody retired.

02:50:04.000 --> 02:50:20.000
and they okay to work with the program or you definitely, definitely yeah this program is very flexible so if someone were interested in pursuing teaching, they can contact us and we can talk to them a little bit more about what that process entails.

02:50:20.000 --> 02:50:34.000
But it is a very flexible fellowship and so most of the people going through most of our fellows actually still have a full time job in the industry, and they know that maybe in a few years, they're going to be retiring so this is an opportunity for them

02:50:34.000 --> 02:50:48.000
to kind of dip their toes in teaching and get their teaching credential and kind of look into the ins and outs, so that as soon as they retire in two to three years, they're able to jump right into a classroom and become that full time teacher.

02:50:48.000 --> 02:51:03.000
So, it is a very flexible program and then we do have a lot of fellows who come in to the program, who, you know, especially now with a pandemic kind of find themselves in a place where they're open to trying something new, and then they go through the

02:51:03.000 --> 02:51:16.000
fellowship full time and become full time teachers as soon as possible so we have people on on all ends of the spectrum as far as how soon they're willing to get into teaching.

02:51:16.000 --> 02:51:22.000
I see. All right so yeah this is really amazing I think there is a.

02:51:22.000 --> 02:51:28.000
I don't know if you can see it but the basic party is asking do you do you require licensing. Can you see it.

02:51:28.000 --> 02:51:43.000
Oh, yeah. So in the state of California. Everybody needs to have a teaching credential in Denver it's a little air in Colorado. It's a little bit different, they do require credentials while so every state that we're working in.

02:51:43.000 --> 02:51:52.000
We provide that support for everyone to be able to navigate the schooling, you know all the paperwork and resources and coursework that they need.

02:51:52.000 --> 02:52:05.000
It can be a little bit confusing and so we. A lot of our fellows have told us that they've thought about teaching many times and sometimes they'll look it up, but then they get so much information that they just give up on it, or decide that they'll do

02:52:05.000 --> 02:52:19.000
it later. And so that's exactly what encores here for when someone comes into our program the very first step for them is that they have a welcome call with someone on the program team, and they've all been teachers or principals before so they know exactly

02:52:19.000 --> 02:52:33.000
how to navigate the school system and so they kind of work with each individual like a consultant and create that pathway in that timeline and set those milestones and those target goals for that for each fellow individually.

02:52:33.000 --> 02:52:45.000
I think this is great because it perfect opportunity and the platform for aerospace professionals, you know, to share that passion, you know, to help the community, you know, under the you know the next generation Xer is dirty.

02:52:45.000 --> 02:52:54.000
So stay in touch, you know, stay in touch. So anytime you know come back again, you know, to tell people what you your progress of what you offer. That's amazing.

02:52:54.000 --> 02:53:00.000
Yes, thank you so much. Thank you for having me, everybody. Yeah, very exciting. Thank you. Thank you so much.

02:53:00.000 --> 02:53:01.000
Bye.

02:53:01.000 --> 02:53:10.000
Thank you. Alright, so our next speaker is the keynote speaker for the afternoon.

02:53:10.000 --> 02:53:19.000
So, to start the kick off the afternoon session. So, Mr. Daniel. I'm sorry this is wrong.

02:53:19.000 --> 02:53:28.000
I click to too fast. So it should be this. Okay. So Mr statement. I see is that our keynote speaker.

02:53:28.000 --> 02:53:35.000
Right now, and he is the Vice President at Virgin of it is very very exciting

02:53:35.000 --> 02:53:50.000
is an executive, with over 13 years of international business experience managing multimillion dollar companies, and the stock ups of course numerous industry and the markets includes the aerospace and defense government and commercial industries, commercial

02:53:50.000 --> 02:54:02.000
space exploration and satellites, your passion startups and nonprofit organization is very multi talented and this is what people need in our space right now, especially with the new space.

02:54:02.000 --> 02:54:18.000
He has expertise in business development, marketing, e commerce branding sponsorship acquisition and development, global PR consulting business strategy and operations management is a.

02:54:18.000 --> 02:54:19.000
Let's see.

02:54:19.000 --> 02:54:40.000
So, as he has another aerospace executive experiences, you saw his. He was also the corporate advisor. Also US Government Relations. It was not with NASA Noah, many places, and also capital heels advocate and the film industry, and he also raised multimedia

02:54:40.000 --> 02:54:48.000
and, you know, for capital formation and his very media savvy. So we have the great pleasure and honor to have.

02:54:48.000 --> 02:54:59.000
Mr. Steven Isley, you know, the voiceprint old version or August for the keynote speaker today. So thank you so much Mr it.

02:54:59.000 --> 02:55:14.000
Okay, thank you so much for that introduction. I don't I don't get my bio read to me very often so I appreciate it very much. It's really great to be here with everybody, really, you know, excited to talk to you and you know provide you a little bit of

02:55:14.000 --> 02:55:29.000
an overview of what virgin orbit is doing but also kind of how the broad how that you know what is the broader impact in the new space market in particular for entrepreneurial companies but also how is it impacting the broader space economies.

02:55:29.000 --> 02:55:31.000
So I have a presentation that I'd like to share.

02:55:31.000 --> 02:55:39.000
And I will try to keep it light. Excuse me, and make this as, you know, interactive as possible.

02:55:39.000 --> 02:55:52.000
So I'd like to take maybe the first half hour to provide you a little bit of insight into, into our world, and then talk to you guys about sort of trends that I'm seeing in the market and where things are heading.

02:55:52.000 --> 02:56:11.000
And so please indulge me and really appreciate you all listening today. So you know, first off, I am the Vice President for orbit I'm in charge of all commercial international civil government sales business development strategy and also work on our spaceport

02:56:11.000 --> 02:56:27.000
network version orbit of courses and air launch system and you see a lot of fun adjectives I don't think our marketing team could settle on one so we have a lot of good adjectives there that really described the system but it is truly unique and I think

02:56:27.000 --> 02:56:36.000
part of this trend of like change and and, in, you know, different types of mission operations that will enable the new space market.

02:56:36.000 --> 02:56:47.000
So what I'd like to do today is just give you a little bit of overview of who we are. And again, this isn't going to be a sales pitch I do just want to kind of share our unique technology, and then give you an update on our lunch mission so we have had

02:56:47.000 --> 02:57:01.000
one, you know successful mission to to space and orbit, and we're planning on many more coming down the pipe and, in fact, the next one and a few short, probably a few weeks from now.

02:57:01.000 --> 02:57:13.000
You know less than two months, let's say, and then kind of what's next, and what the market outlook looks like and then love to open up to questions so I will I will be very be very cognizant of the time and make sure that it doesn't sound like I'm droning

02:57:13.000 --> 02:57:15.000
on.

02:57:15.000 --> 02:57:31.000
So, you know, obviously virgin orbit, maybe for those you know we are part of the Virgin group, and this is our founder, really cool guy. He is, you know, very engaged he he visits the team of course pre coded on a regular basis and it's just really inspiring

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I mean his, his goals in life were really to set forth the best customer experience and all the different industries that he put forward and to do it unique and also in a company culture friendly kind of way So Richard is been really a force for us and

02:57:47.000 --> 02:57:54.000
helping us kind of navigate through these troubling times and as part of the vision for what this setup this.

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So, what you see here is what version of orbit is offering this is called our launcher one system. It is an arrow launch flying platform if you will to deliver rockets and satellites in particular to low Earth orbit and beyond.

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So our system consists of a 747 400 plan which you see here which is aptly named cosmic broken or the Virgin Atlantic Fleet, and she was modified by we took out all the seats and hard, you know made some modifications to the wing of course both the pylon

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in order to hold the rocket. The rocket is a two stage rocket liquid oxygen kerosene rocket so the rocket itself, you know, use proven technology. It's nothing too new nothing, you know, everything that still falls within the rocket equation, but certainly

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the magic is in the mobility and I will talk to you a little bit about that in a minute.

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But as you can see as an air watch system we have a lot of flexibility. So we are really driving to be not only just a low cost provider but really, launch on demand system, and that system can be caught up in, you know, short short timeframe on the future

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we hope as quickly as 24 hours, and more importantly though, it can really deliver salads and feels different orbit so you can fly to different as in this, where you can drop the rocket, and effectively deliver the satellite to orbit low inclination to

02:59:19.000 --> 02:59:35.000
hide, you know polar, you know flight West flight ease lot of different things that you can do so it's pretty cool, that the thing you don't see here which we'll get to in a minute is, we have a mobile ground, equipment, and the mobile ground equipment

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is really all we need to support our full launch operations we don't have launched past your runway, but that is the main.

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You know the main item we need to be able to launch from a specific spaceport. And finally, we're looking at doing between 300 500 kilograms to low Earth orbit and beyond and I will get to the beyond a little later.

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So, just for fun.

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I kind of like this because it shows you sort of the headlines from Aviation Week, over the last four years, notably March 2017 was in fact when virgin orbit was founded and sort of gives you an idea of how far you come if you go from left to right, and

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just seeing the evolution of our system. So of course, being found in 2017, we did already start development under Virgin Galactic.

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So the name of the company was switched over to virgin orbit, but importantly, you know that that does mark our Founders Day, if you will, and then through the last few years we've been really ramping up of course testing development, and, you know, getting

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this rocket operational. We had our first launch in May of 2020 so we could have had the headline at 2020 on that one was a success in the sense that it tested out the air launch system.

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It was not a full success in the sense that we didn't make it to orbit, but everything we learned there really helped us in informed the process for our successful launch in January 2021, which was very exciting and I'll tell you a little bit about that

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day in a minute.

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So, white wire launch like what makes us differentiated what makes us cool. I think it's cool. Um, so for a few different reasons virgin orbit, as an airline system Why did we choose their launch, because we really wanted to put something to the market.

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That was truly differentiated, and that could really offer a different operational mode of conducting missions. So, the mobility factor is of course, obvious, but having an arrow launch system, we are able to branch around to not just the two fixed launch

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sites, but we can go to really any spaceport that it cannot can accommodate and 47, and I'll show you a map, our spaceport map in a minute.

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More importantly though an arrow launch system really enables different activities so because because of the nature of how we launch the preparation stuff to be done, we can really tighten the window, a lot faster than a ground launch vehicle.

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So our cadence can be incredibly high. For example, we could turn around two launches in a day, if that were a requirement. It takes about eight to 12 hours right now, for us to fully operate load and take off the plane and so in theory we could do to

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I'm not suggesting were there quite yet.

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But, but that is an operational capability that that we think one day we can achieve in the short term, though, launching successful missions, a few days apart couple weeks apart is no problem.

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And really it's just going to be about coming down the learning curve and gaining that kind of knowledge, How to expedite the operations while keeping it safe.

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The other part of, like, and this is part of the new space era of course, I mean you have to be able to, you know, back in the day, you would have you would wait in the queue in order to launch and, you know, it was our schedules were unpredictable and

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you never knew when you could you could go off and and so forth I mean I still remember my days when I was working at sirius satellite.

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And, you know, I think we waited three years for one particular launch and that you know and of course that that doesn't close the business case that doesn't keep things moving.

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And so, for launch to be there for the customer base the consumer base. We have to be able to launch on demand launch rapidly, we have to be flexible in the manifest so have one customer maybe delays, we might be able to move another rocket, you know,

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the left, so to speak, and push up the schedule. And the way we do that is we've invested heavily into our factory. so we use 3d printing, we've added subtracted machining.

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We, of course, are streamlining our flow. Most of what we do is vertically integrated, I'd say over 90%, and in that way, it allows us to keep kind of the quality in house and just kind of keep things moving at a pace so we do build to rate rather than

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mission meaning, we will be doing, you know, upwards of 20 or more launches, developing over 20 launches a year, and that rate of course will help assist the new space market and the economy economy, whether it's for national security purpose commercial so government purposes, to have launches, essentially on demand

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essentially on demand or very tight schedules that as they may be required than in the past. So we're really excited to provide sort of that. And of course, you know that makes us stand out in the crowd.

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I mean, I like this, I like this image, kind of, because it just shows that I mean rocket technology hasn't really changed that much in the last you know 50 to 60 years, and certainly there have been arrow on systems are, you know, at least one for salad

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launches in the past, but in an era where business cases are really driving the new space economy, and being and the, you know, our way of life depending so much on satellite technology and staying connected.

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We need to think a little differently about how we deliver payloads to orbit, how quickly we can turn around schedules, how we prepare for anomalies, and you know infant mortality of satellite constellations or you know how we look at augmentation of

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different constellations and things like that. And then of course we want to be good stewards like how do we mitigate against orbital debris, how do we, you know, all these kinds of questions, I think, have to be addressed by having a more responsive

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and flexible on system and certainly that is part of where we think, you know, we can really provide that that benefit.

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And so, this just gives a brief exam, you know, comparison between ground launch and mobile era launch, and I think most you can can kind of probably see them from, you know, on, on your own.

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But nonetheless, you know, we see these as being some benefits. Alright so now that you know a little bit about our launch system, where are we going, how does this kind of all fit together.

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So, having an air launch system really I think it's going to give us some key strategic advantages. Obviously, as I mentioned up front, being able to reach any orbit so your customer your partner and you want to go to zero degrees, you want to go to high

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inclination, you know, certainly we can do that, but it is about a short access so so many, you know, strategies, coming out of governments the UK is set up their own Space Command recently, you know, others in Europe and South America, Asia, and so on

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on are really taking note, I'm noticing governments in particular, are picking up a lot of what the commercial, you know launch satellites solutions options are, and they're starting to change the strategy they're starting to change the dialogue, and

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this is not a, I would say this is a growth. This is really more organic coming out of what the new space commercial industry has been able to provide the market and to drive.

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And so it's pretty exciting to see national strategies incorporating things like a shirt access and recognizing the need that, you know space is no longer just for you know science exploration or, you know, maybe telecom NGO, but rather, you know, there's

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so many different opportunities that are hitting so many different market segments, not just national security and telecom force. But as you know, I mean, agriculture, maritime oil and gas, you know, environmental, and on and on and on, where we can really

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really leverage this space assets and I'll talk a little bit of some of those examples later but that is shared access we see that as being absolutely necessary and I touched on that.

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But then the third point which might be a little different, and how we think different is we do see ourselves as a global space solution.

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You know, I think differentiating ourselves as important as some of you may know, there are actually over 100 declared, new space rocket companies out there that's, you know, it's amazing it's like more rockets per, you know, Purcell a company out there,

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practically, but of course you know a lot of them are still, you know what I call paper rockets I mean there's still PowerPoint presentations or their ideas.

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But certainly, quite a few of them are coming to the fore and are looking like they will be, you know, very successful and and very capable launch systems.

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So, you know, with that in mind, then like as a company like virgin orbit I have to think about how we can set ourselves apart. And in addition to kind of the reasons that we mentioned prior, there's this idea of can we help stimulate markets can we help

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stimulate new space ecosystems around the world, and that is this idea of potentially creating spacefaring nations, given that we can pretty much pick up and go with our entire launch system, and I'll explain how that works in a minute, we can you know

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set up shop in a spaceport or, you know, an airport or an Air Force Base, practically around the world, you know there's some qualifications, which we'll get into that are required but, nonetheless, if you can have a spaceport in your backyard, then you

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can start really changing how, you know, a region or country looks at the space market, you will obviously be probably investing, you know, doing things like like small space clusters having stimulating you know the ecosystems a local ecosystems, a lot

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lot of those don't need a lot of capital startup i mean you know when when governments throw money at launch. It sounds like a lot of money can be 1020 $50 million.

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But the reality is most, I mean I would I would venture to say all launch companies will require significantly more funding than that, and that is of course a challenge to raise when it's not necessarily the highest margin, you know, industry.

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So, where I think the money can be made and we're in also the, the investment the most impactful is on things like data stream, you know downstream application so the data analytics markets.

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Yes, this small satellite market but in bundling some of those capabilities together. And so that is really where I think a lot of this is going and where future nations would be benefit you know benefit to support.

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So here's a little bit of a map of kind of like where we are currently and I'll share some insight into where we're looking at going next.

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The three American flags represent our US footprint so we have a spaceport in California and the hobby, where we launched and operate out of primarily.

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We are companies that are based in Los Angeles and Long Beach so it's only a two hour drive so that makes it really convenient.

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The flag on the East Coast that's Florida so the Shuttle Landing Facility is we plan on offering that as a backup, and then the flag you see in the Pacific.

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That's Guam, and that is a partnership with the US Air Force Base called Andersen Air Force Base, which we plan on using as a blueprint to be able to launch from almost any year for space.

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You know that the US or maybe the Five Eyes our five I allies have around the globe. And so you can really start building out a spaceport network and that has some significant impact on how we launch and how we can do business in this market.

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The other international flags you see so the UK, we have a partnership with the UK space agency to launch from Cornwall, and in Japan, that a spaceport a week to in south eastern part of Japan, with the local government there, and we really, you know,

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and UK is, as you all probably know, have really burgeoning small satellite and new space economies and have but they don't have a, I would say dedicated small launcher vehicle company, obviously Japan has launch capability.

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affords in this in the mass class of the, the rocket being a smaller rocket, just opens the aperture for the new space economy there and they are some of the strongest ones and those were why we you know in part targeted those regions, but this opens

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up then not only the space, access to space for the UK, but it will do it for the broader European region. We see the same opportunity in Japan to help broaden access to a dedicated launch for small satellites in Asia, Italy is actually more of a Virgin

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Galactic potential launch place but Virgin Galactic, which our sister companies, you know, they do space tourism, their requirements for one way is in space was actually very similar to ours, so it is something that we can follow them in or they could

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follow us.

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So I just noted that because that was made public, but you're looking around the world you're saying well there's no southern hemisphere launch, we are looking at a few places in the southern hemisphere, haven't been any announcements there yet but we

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will in the future. And now as you start looking, you can you start seeing a distributed map you see Global Map. And this will really open the aperture to provide regional launch, but it also does some unique things.

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So for example, you have a. If you have a large constellation that you need to get populated really quickly into, you know, different planes, different rants you know so on.

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If we were to launch, let's say simultaneously from two sides.

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Maybe a US side and maybe a southern hemisphere site or Japan UK, you can actually populate a constellation much faster because you can inject direct object the satellites into actually the right orbit, you know, instantaneously essentially by leveraging

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the different spaceports. So that could be a really unique feature. When you start thinking of responsive launch constructs.

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Finally, the only other thing I want to mention here is is that, you know, the spaceport network we're looking at probably having what we'd say hubs, so the flags you see will have some kind of permanent presence, could be just ground equipments, maybe

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even a plane. And I should mention we have one plant firmly but are looking at growing it to possibly a fleet. Definitely more than one, and and they could be permanently potentially stationed at some of these other spaceports.

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So, you will have these spaceports which will be like regional hubs, but then other spaceports around the world, you've heard the ones in Norway and Sweden.

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There, you know there there's some in Australia, and they may have just a runway and then, you know, an easy access footprint. And so those ground the ground equipment that you see in that picture above, plus the plane, you know that's what we would then

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transport we could bring it in for campaign, or we could leave something you know they're like maybe just the ground equipment. So there's a lot of flexible ways to do this, and you start I think imagining now, like some cool things that that can happen

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with with kind of this global network.

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So this is just, I kind of touched on this and it really is just demonstrating that things are just mobile flexible and ready to go. And the top two left pictures you can see some pictures inside our factory for, we have a lot of ship sets the rocket.

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So at any given time will be six to 10 ship sets right now there's six, of course we're ramping up you know carefully and slowly.

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But, but we're not quite there yet. On the right you see our. The second from right sorry, you see our mobile clean room trailer and I'll show you a picture of the inside, but we can take basically an encapsulated fairing and transport that in a clean

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room environment and the actual meeting of the rocket in the fairing happens right on the basically in the Hammerhead where the plane is station right before the launch.

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So it's pretty cool how quickly we can you know we can roll that up from any facility your facility, our facility and other facility and roll it up, made it with the rocket and then we attach the rocket to the underside of the plane.

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And then on the bottom. You get the point. The plane is mobile it's your flying launch pad, and it can access lots of different space sports, as I mentioned, Here's a quick shot of our clean room.

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The one on the left is in Long Beach. And then, and then one on the right you see that same picture the mobile clean room and there you can get a better shot of the rocket integrating with the payload, and you see the inside of the mobile cleaner it's

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got a crane.

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Dolly Will you know drive the claim the the fairing in there, and the meeting happens and there's asleep to ensure that, you know, it always stays in a clean environment, even until it's latched on to the, the other side of the plane, and then perch air

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is provided throughout to the payload, up until the drop so you actually get a longer sequence of plein air, then you wouldn't think of ground launch system.

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And now, and this is I think the last slide I have kind of for this section, and this is just pulling it all together so we think of a global launch solution, you think about the cadence and everything we're building.

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It's about responsive launch and this is really what we want to offer the market.

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We are building, incorporating a program we call rocket ready and rocket ready is about having a essentially a spare rocket on the factory floor at all time, that doesn't have an assigned tail number, and basically if for, you know, a national security

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mission, or maybe a commercial satellite constellation has an anomaly on orbit, you know, or.

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You have a rocket ready, other missions you see kind of here is just looking at doing potential partnerships with the Air Force, when they may have their own dedicated systems, all the way to.

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As I talked to earlier kind of stimulating local ecosystems, by having a more permanent presence kind of station around the world.

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You'll notice in the center center right. There's a picture of Mars and virgin orbit. So we're also looking at doing missions beyond Leo, that includes Neo Geo system lunar Mars asteroids beyond.

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We have a partnership, actually, like, a consortium out of Poland, where they're looking at doing three Mars missions. And the way we do that is we have a third stage option so I didn't, I mentioned that up top, but with the third stage we can then you

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know certainly get payloads.

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certainly get payloads. You know between 50 and maybe almost 200 kilograms.

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To geo and beyond. So it's pretty exciting to be kind of diversifying and that way.

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Alright, so, and I'm promising I will, I will stay on track. So, I will just take the next five minutes to give you some snapshots from our first launch and just tell you about that experience.

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And then I'm going to go away from slides and just tell you a little bit about where I think the market is heading and open it up to questions. So, I'm trying to stay on track here.

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Alright so let's talk a little bit about launch demo to and launch demo to as is noted was our second launch demonstration. Our first launch demo happened in May of 2020, and I spoke I call it a success.

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It wasn't a complete success because we didn't make it to orbit.

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But we accomplished a lot and you know it took us about six months to turn it around from that launch to this next launch which is pretty fast, I think.

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And for those who are wondering on the first launch. We had a high pressure locks feed line rupture. And the interesting thing was part of that was, you know, it just shows how important testing, like actually doing going through a demonstration or Pathfinder

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demo is so important because there's only so much you can do on the ground.

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Before you know that you can't quite simulate with an air launch system, especially the drop itself, and how that you know shakes things I mean, we did do many drop tests and everything of that nature.

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But nonetheless, just getting through some of that are models couldn't predict everything, and that first launch though, I would say really turn the turn the page for us in terms of shoring up the holes in our models had especially for things like going

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to getting right up to max Q and doing the drop on air condition and everything else.

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So I'll just tell you about the day Hey was flawless. I mean, that's not honestly an exaggeration. Clearly we got a lot of good data, and we will take that data and we will make improvements like any good rocket company will, but it was an amazing day.

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You know, this just captures a little bit of the drop with the on orbit, sorry the entire ignition. And then you see the stage step and then the fairing, you know as to what was was deployed and, and you see the, the satellites exposed in space.

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The money shot in space, if you will, so it was a flawless launch.

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You know, I got some funny anecdotes I'll tell you and I'll just kind of take you through the day. So, I mean, what was the mission First off, it was a NASA mission part of the CLS program that had 10 satellites on board and pleased to say that every

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single satellite was dropped into their exact orbit exact inclination It was awesome I mean to, you know, you know, plus or minus within the.

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The wiggle room that we have in our users guide but the orbit was little over 500 kilometers to 60.7 degrees, and we hit like 60.69, you know for some of them 6.7 for the other so it's pretty amazing to see the accuracy that we're also able to deliver

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on the first slide so this is the punch line up front, made it to space, happy satellites, made it into orbit, and you know, that's not always a given.

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I mean, it's, it's a new world so it was definitely an interesting day.

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So let me take you through the day a little bit because Erewash is different than ground launch and I think this is an interest. Here's an overhead view of that day on launch preparation so the day really started about three 4am for the ground launch

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crew we call them the wolf pack. And that is really just making sure that all systems are nominal, you know none of the sensors and things that we have attached to plan a rocket are giving us any, you know, red flags.

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And, you know, so they do all the checkouts and everything else about four hours prior to launch, they start the fueling process, and that that takes you know about two to three hours itself to fuel the rocket.

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And then about an hour prior to launch, you basically the the the pilots are there and they're there the ready room where they're doing the pre flight checks the board the plane.

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You know they proceed to the taxiway and get ready for launch. So, for takeoff. And I will say this day, we got within 20 minutes of our predictive lunchtime so that's pretty good.

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And that was even with, you know, a lot of unknowns that were that were potentially happening.

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So, here you can see, of course, the takeoff. And, you know, so we take off like any other airplane. There's another advantage, at least for national security purposes it's just another plane taking off off gassing level locks.

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You know, it's, we're governed by the FAA to point out, so we don't have the same range support required requirements as the ground launch vehicles do.

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and that means that we have an FAA basically civilian license that oversees our launch activity, and we use an autonomous flight safety system to ensure that you know if anything were to go awry, the rocket would safely.

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You know shut down. And of course we have a flight path that is meant to avoid flying over populated areas almost any kind of populated area and then we look at different trajectories of course or analysis and then we drop over the ocean.

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So the ocean drop is key to safety and everything else.

03:23:38.000 --> 03:23:53.000
What you see on the right there is the racetrack. So you notice that racetrack formation so that is part of the plan operations we take off from a hobby takes about 40 minutes we fly over Catalina Island for those of you familiar with this area, and right

03:23:53.000 --> 03:24:03.000
past Catalina Island is St Nicholas Island, and we start entering into the racetrack. I'll mention that the plane is it about 10,000 or sorry 30,000 feet 10,000 meters.

03:24:03.000 --> 03:24:14.000
And we, she enters into the racetrack, and that is the that is basically the staging area to get ready to do the launch itself the air launch itself.

03:24:14.000 --> 03:24:29.000
Once it typically you can do one run through. And then on the second run through the pilots like okay all systems go let's hit it. So when we go into the launch formation, the plane and it's a big plane for those of you remember the 747.

03:24:29.000 --> 03:24:42.000
It goes into about a 30 degree pitch maneuver, so it pretty steep I mean it'd be a fun ride if you could be on the plane, and it drops the rocket, and that drop which saw in the previous pictures over there.

03:24:42.000 --> 03:24:55.000
The rocket drops for about five seconds before the first edge ignition occurs, and the plane kind of banks off to the right, and that is a safety maneuver which they practice for like two years just this this maneuver.

03:24:55.000 --> 03:25:08.000
And it was very successful so that that's just a little bit on the plane. So now you see the drop and you have stage one a sense of course, demonstrating engine startup controlled flight that St Nicholas island on the left, if you see the contrail kind

03:25:08.000 --> 03:25:20.000
of off to the left, that's a chase plane that this picture obviously it's coming actually from the cosmic girl so I believe this is the camera we had installed, kind of one of the windows of the belly of the plane.

03:25:20.000 --> 03:25:30.000
And then you see the chase plane there and the chase plane are 24 year old photographer got a ride in the back as a T 38 pretty wild ride.

03:25:30.000 --> 03:25:42.000
You know I launched a he had really the best view and was able to capture light is cool pictures for us so maybe one day I'll raffle off a right on the chase plan but that can be kind of fun.

03:25:42.000 --> 03:25:46.000
And then, sorry, sorry, sorry.

03:25:46.000 --> 03:25:56.000
Let's go forward and backwards. And then, you know, one thing that was really interesting was, it's really hard to model kind of the transatlantic flight of the rocket.

03:25:56.000 --> 03:26:10.000
And so that that in the max q alpha pull up where we have like the harshest environments also on the payload was really the hardest that I would say that was the most

03:26:10.000 --> 03:26:20.000
that's that's the part where we all kind of held our breath during the next q which is the pull up, and then the trans Sonic can proportion of it, because she doesn't go straight the rocket doesn't go straight up like a Grand Lodge, and sort of travels

03:26:20.000 --> 03:26:36.000
an upward trajectory horizontally over the curvature of the earth and that's how she achieves escape into space. And so any right here you see the stage step and then second stage burn commences.

03:26:36.000 --> 03:26:49.000
And so that was very clean, and I'll tell you, throughout this process. I mean every meeting you here, so I was in the hobby, and because of coated wrong like kind of separate rooms and then there's a mission control where we had like six people that

03:26:49.000 --> 03:27:10.000
essentially distance, and you just hear the walls like you know rumble with excitement and cheering for every one of these like little you know stages. I mean, an engineer would tell you hey if we had just gotten that you know back skew and that would

03:27:10.000 --> 03:27:20.000
and as everything you know kind of went through. Now we're holding our breath like okay stage to burn Let's go, so that was really exciting stage to burn happen.

03:27:20.000 --> 03:27:40.000
And then of course, you had the fairing separation and exposure of the satellites that the NASA satellites onboard and and that went great. And then, you know, as the stage two fires, there is a stage, she said, engine cut off, and then circular rise

03:27:40.000 --> 03:27:49.000
for about 30 minutes before the second stage, real lights, and then places the satellites into the final parking orbit so there is that was another test.

03:27:49.000 --> 03:28:01.000
And then of course the funny thing I thought was, you know, as the business guy. I'm looking out for the customers and making sure their satellites get there so I think a lot of the engineers for wiping the sweat off their brow.

03:28:01.000 --> 03:28:10.000
Just because the, you know, the first stage set happened the second stage relied you know all these crazy milestones and key milestones occurred and, and then some of these.

03:28:10.000 --> 03:28:19.000
And I remember when they were circular rising during that 30 minute window you're kind of waiting, somebody goes, I heard of the concept of somebody goes, wait.

03:28:19.000 --> 03:28:31.000
So what happens now, you know like, Oh Are we done, you know, and of course it was an innocent kind of question because operationally, you know I'm like no the payload, you know where the satellites like we have to deploy those.

03:28:31.000 --> 03:28:48.000
And the other thing was the system the dispensers were new I mean this was a new company. I you know hadn't demonstrated it in space before wasn't 09, so getting that proof point you know was another one so then it was all on really that company to make

03:28:48.000 --> 03:28:55.000
sure that all the satellites separated appropriately. And they did so it was really, really a cool day.

03:28:55.000 --> 03:29:02.000
And then, you know, as one does. You get a champagne shower and, you know, lots of bubbles.

03:29:02.000 --> 03:29:14.000
The guy holding the champagne bottle is Dan heart or CEO, and so needless to say, if you compare this launch with our first launch demo. It was a much better day.

03:29:14.000 --> 03:29:18.000
Right. And then next up, you can see our rocket here on the left.

03:29:18.000 --> 03:29:23.000
That is, it's actually, it's, it's in our final integration.

03:29:23.000 --> 03:29:38.000
It is even being fully integrated, as we speak, and we'll be heading to the, we're going to be doing the payload integration and just a couple of weeks for the satellites, and then we're shipping off the Mojave so probably a little bit over, a month or

03:29:38.000 --> 03:29:51.000
so we're going to be doing our next launch so we're pretty excited. I mean, late spring, you know, the windows are still a little open because, as a new system, you know, we take a lot more precautions and the weight between the first launch and this

03:29:51.000 --> 03:29:59.000
one it normally wouldn't take that long. It's just because of all the new data we got and all the amazing new information we received.

03:29:59.000 --> 03:30:12.000
It was really important that you know we incorporated into this launch and that we do incremental improvements for performance purposes and optimizing, you know just the the engineering and the configuration of the launch vehicle itself so pretty cool.

03:30:12.000 --> 03:30:13.000
All right.

03:30:13.000 --> 03:30:21.000
Um, so let's let's talk about what's what's new, what's going to happen in new space.

03:30:21.000 --> 03:30:40.000
And, you know, it will look different. I mean what's what's what's. You know what does the future hold. So, in, in my, my opinion like the last five years, have moved the new space industry faster than the last.

03:30:40.000 --> 03:30:51.000
I mean, 30, I mean you can argue assess TLC satellite was sort of the the founding father of small satellite.

03:30:51.000 --> 03:31:04.000
You know my former company so I have to give a shout out to them. But, you know, but their soul well it wasn't until the 2000s where you know with the, the, the onset of the CubeSat and kind of more standards and things like that that we started seeing

03:31:04.000 --> 03:31:21.000
a space economy happen. And the last five years I mean I can't tell you how much has changed from cost savings I mean the cost perspective, building your own satellite with, you know, even a CubeSat, which was always low cost, but thinking about the capabilities

03:31:21.000 --> 03:31:37.000
that it had like the performance that you're now able to package into a small CubeSat and and deliver you know meaningful data and services to customers whereas before, I mean, I know I'm preaching to the choir here, but you had much larger satellites,

03:31:37.000 --> 03:31:51.000
you know, school buses, you know size down, you know on down, and we can pack a lot more power and data processing and capability in those so the first trend I'm seeing is just the amount of new space startup companies.

03:31:51.000 --> 03:32:03.000
I mean, I think, like cumulatively over $1.9 billion is racist this past year, and they're all planning 80% of their satellites are going to be part of a constellation.

03:32:03.000 --> 03:32:13.000
The other 20% are. I would say probably more like science demos and things like that one offs, but you know if your business, it's not going to be many business, it's not gonna be many one else.

03:32:13.000 --> 03:32:20.000
And, excuse me, The, the business case for space.

03:32:20.000 --> 03:32:30.000
The theory basically is putting up a constellation satellites in order to get as high of a revisit and coverage as possible in order to deliver data down to the customer.

03:32:30.000 --> 03:32:45.000
And that's sort of the first part, and so the last five years. I mean, you know, it's been going on for 15 years but I will say this cycle is really picked up you know 10 years was a milestone but not quite there yet, five years been a real push, which

03:32:45.000 --> 03:32:48.000
is accelerated and so many crazy ways.

03:32:48.000 --> 03:33:07.000
So the business case of space is about the data, primarily, and and and then it's about, okay, you know, diversifying, not only to send satellites to synchronous, but looking at mid and lower inclination orbits as well which weren't you know available.

03:33:07.000 --> 03:33:16.000
Too often, I mean we're still one of the few that can do low, there are some other providers now that are providing mid inclination opportunities. so that's changing.

03:33:16.000 --> 03:33:29.000
The other thing I'm definitely seeing. And then as I mentioned earlier with the fundraising, you're seeing now. Companies frankly that had never built satellites before you're seeing a lot of student groups, you know, university spin offs.

03:33:29.000 --> 03:33:42.000
That I mean, I am talking to folks who you know there's business guys like me, who, who know very little bit about how to build a satellite, and they have this idea, and they're just getting funded, and it's basically just business layer, and now they're

03:33:42.000 --> 03:33:55.000
looking for partners you know for launch and for satellites and for payloads. And that was never how this you know market was conceived of course it was sort of like, you know, people in the lab, people with the know how and and that is because things

03:33:55.000 --> 03:34:01.000
are optimizing and things are standardizing and things are really moving so much quicker.

03:34:01.000 --> 03:34:14.000
In terms of you know mission solutions. So, the other trend I'm definitely seeing as things are being bundled, and that is enabling you know the business layer to come in and get a turnkey mission solution.

03:34:14.000 --> 03:34:27.000
Customers these days don't want to build hardware and I know that hurts every one of them lay his head I mean hardware is sexy to engineers, but higher profit margins and data is more sexy to the business world.

03:34:27.000 --> 03:34:31.000
And so, it's not about the hardware anymore, really.

03:34:31.000 --> 03:34:41.000
It really is about the pixel and it's about the data, and it is about you know the the revisit and it's about, you know, beating up the competition. And so we're seeing.

03:34:41.000 --> 03:34:51.000
Definitely trends in having things delivered in a more turnkey package and so that really is like having, you know one signature on one contract to give one solution.

03:34:51.000 --> 03:35:00.000
And, you know, to this day, you still have segmented verticals in the space ecosystem need to get your ground system your launch or satellite and so forth.

03:35:00.000 --> 03:35:15.000
But the idea of bundling is definitely been picking up more and more, we're looking in virgin is doing this, we're looking at partnering with satellite companies to optimize their spacecraft for our system, you know, making sure the environments the loads

03:35:15.000 --> 03:35:31.000
the form factor, are all within a standard that fit the fit us and so that not only will you have the best package in terms of how you stack and you know fit the satellites into our launcher, but you also have a business opportunity where we can kind

03:35:31.000 --> 03:35:36.000
of sell a capability. And so you know you augment your business.

03:35:36.000 --> 03:35:39.000
arms basically by doing that.

03:35:39.000 --> 03:35:54.000
So that's, that's definitely a trend. Um, the other thing is, how do you sustain this market. So, you know, 80% of future satellites, and you know they're predicting 8000 10,000 whatever number it's big number in the future.

03:35:54.000 --> 03:35:57.000
You've all probably seen the reports.

03:35:57.000 --> 03:36:09.000
You know, we all have, we all see this, you know hockey stick basically where it just goes up and then it's, and then it's eternal I mean, you know, one, we're seeing more and more satellites are being built.

03:36:09.000 --> 03:36:22.000
You know cheaper and they're also, they don't need to, you know, most of them don't need to survive that long, frankly, and most companies and the new space side, aren't looking to build, you know, a mortal sets or sets that last more than five years.

03:36:22.000 --> 03:36:34.000
In fact, many I'm seeing are programmed to have lifespans of one to three years, you know, with a little bit of margin on them. And that's because they want to do technology upgrades, more readily.

03:36:34.000 --> 03:36:47.000
The other impact naturally is when you have a constellation a lot of Sela customers are putting spares up. And when you have a spare in a constellation you're not, it's not being actively used, you know it's it's it's it's needed to be called up if there's

03:36:47.000 --> 03:36:59.000
a gap in the service from anomaly with another satellite or you have an infant mortality rate issue. And, but that's fair is degrading wallets and all that so that's, you know, doesn't give you a guarantee much life.

03:36:59.000 --> 03:37:08.000
So what do you need I mean, you have to populate your constellation. Then after three years you're probably repopulating, you know, you have to, then you may need to augment it.

03:37:08.000 --> 03:37:12.000
So not only are you doing,

03:37:12.000 --> 03:37:26.000
read not only not only replacing, you know satellites, but you may be augmenting so you're doubling, you know, maybe, then you have to, you know, so many customers are preventing, I mean think about an internet service, you know comms, you know, aggregate

03:37:26.000 --> 03:37:30.000
data maritime shipping tracking train tracking, all that kind of stuff.

03:37:30.000 --> 03:37:44.000
I mean, I don't think most logistics companies or customers could go a day where they can't track your shipment, or they don't get internet or they don't you know, and so on, and so when you have gaps, you know 10 years ago 20 years ago 50 years ago,

03:37:44.000 --> 03:37:54.000
you put a satellite uplink yeah there's gonna be problems, something happened. All right, give me four years or replace it. You know, there was an expectation back then that okay this stuff takes long, I get it.

03:37:54.000 --> 03:38:09.000
So we didn't use it for so many real time, you know things we didn't, we didn't use it for all these different market verticals that weren't traditional space players, all these new guys are proposing basically to provide satellite coverage for consumers

03:38:09.000 --> 03:38:18.000
who are used to having, you know data through ground sensors or conductivity or whatever, practically instantly. So how do you how do you stay on board with that how do you compete with that.

03:38:18.000 --> 03:38:27.000
And in the answer is you have to have a plan in order to, you know, be able to replace. replace augment like we talked about, but then gap fill if you have an anomaly.

03:38:27.000 --> 03:38:40.000
And so you need that gets back to the you know the original. I think scope of of the discussion today, and that is you need to have rockets ready on the ground, you need to have satellite spares on the ground, but the Another advantage of an ecosystem

03:38:40.000 --> 03:38:44.000
that can really tie into being able to direct and check something quickly.

03:38:44.000 --> 03:38:59.000
You no longer have to do on orbit spares or maybe not as many on orbit space for example. So we're definitely seeing a trend there of bundling but also servicing like this is becoming kind of, you know, there's their satellite constellations of the service

03:38:59.000 --> 03:39:00.000
model.

03:39:00.000 --> 03:39:08.000
And certainly launch service in terms of being responsive i think is going to be absolutely critical for the commercial industry.

03:39:08.000 --> 03:39:20.000
And then for government, of course, as you can imagine there's a lot of security strategic implications to having a system like this you know and ground launches to of course that are going to be more flexible more ready, but being able to direct object

03:39:20.000 --> 03:39:35.000
object satellites into the correct orbit, quickly, have satellites pre calculated may be stored somewhere, so that you can go quickly, you know with rock nearby and then the flexible launch side, being able to hit the different orbits, or being able to

03:39:35.000 --> 03:39:46.000
provide a more low profile off so it's not always the same law site you can provide unpredicted launch access for example so those are some, like pretty interesting things that are happening in the market.

03:39:46.000 --> 03:39:56.000
Um, you know, I won't shy away from the question but what about launches a lot of launch vehicles out there, and I agree, and I think like, and honestly there's going to be consolidation.

03:39:56.000 --> 03:40:06.000
The Hundred launch companies aren't going to make it. It's going to be a handful. I think if you look at the ground launch vertical players.

03:40:06.000 --> 03:40:21.000
They're differentiating primarily on cost. So they're either out there either saying, you know, we're 3d printed, you know, we can print this lot quicker, or, you know, we're we're, you know, we've got some other, you know, fancy accessory.

03:40:21.000 --> 03:40:32.000
But in general, you know, and they're trying to say responsive, you know, being more responsive as well and I think if you're a smaller rocket and probably, you know, you know, can you can store more easily you can probably build them a little faster

03:40:32.000 --> 03:40:34.000
so certainly that's true.

03:40:34.000 --> 03:40:48.000
But at the end of the day, you're still kind of, you know, you still have your fixed site issues, and you don't have the flexibility and you still are going to compete you know apples to apples.

03:40:48.000 --> 03:41:02.000
I think we're positioned ourselves you know purposely this way, having kind of seen a little bit of where this market is going. As you know, the pair, or the pineapple, whichever other fruit that is not an apple.

03:41:02.000 --> 03:41:09.000
Because at the end of the day, it is fundamentally a different service in a different kind of

03:41:09.000 --> 03:41:23.000
concepts that will enable you know your your gateway to space, enable space domain awareness responsiveness and that flexibility and oh by the way, let's look at providing you know services around the globe.

03:41:23.000 --> 03:41:30.000
So becomes like more like an airline model than it is just a pure play rockin model. So that's how I see ourselves in the market.

03:41:30.000 --> 03:41:34.000
I think we're well positioned for that we're not the cheapest.

03:41:34.000 --> 03:41:49.000
But we are, I think the most operational flexible and for the partners that need that, you know, where the service. If you need to go to some synchronous orbit and you can ride share and in the timeline doesn't matter as much you then certainly some of

03:41:49.000 --> 03:42:03.000
of the larger vehicles and the rideshare capacity will be good enough for you, but by the way that's okay, because we complement those, and those satellites, a lot of the ones that need the lowest cost but on any timeline there up there to do a demonstration

03:42:03.000 --> 03:42:10.000
they're just trying to get their business case, you know proven, and then they're going to move to the next phase will be the constellations, and so on.

03:42:10.000 --> 03:42:26.000
And that's where we really will shine and be able to provide that flexible and optimize service so anyway. Um, I think the markets gonna look really different I'm excited, what the next five years has in store for us.

03:42:26.000 --> 03:42:36.000
And, you know, I'm seeing a lot of business cases and business models changing, and I'm seeing a lot of financial constructs that are looking very different now.

03:42:36.000 --> 03:42:52.000
It is not the traditional way of doing things. We are, I think the whole market is being a lot more accommodating a lot more flexible and that will create a lot of new interesting business opportunities that are more tailored to commercially minded opportunities

03:42:52.000 --> 03:43:08.000
so that I think that's it I don't want to take up too much more of your time I want five minutes over my goal, give you 45 minutes, I apologize, but I had, I hope you guys had some fun listening, and I'm happy to field any questions that you may have.

03:43:08.000 --> 03:43:09.000
Thank you. Thank you.

03:43:09.000 --> 03:43:21.000
This is wonderful. This is really amazing and that you know new space is really the future of the space program and everybody is looking up to this and Adobe has the Ascend, our conference or forum.

03:43:21.000 --> 03:43:32.000
In November, as a gearing towards you know also for new space and commercial space, you know, those things so so wondering, did you can you see the q amp a box from us.

03:43:32.000 --> 03:43:44.000
Yes, there are a couple questions there and I think the, we have gentlemen also raise hand, ready to speak on his questions. So, if you can first take a look at the q amp a civil any.

03:43:44.000 --> 03:43:46.000
Sure.

03:43:46.000 --> 03:43:49.000
Um, let's see.

03:43:49.000 --> 03:43:56.000
Okay, could you could you design a business plan, how do you balance flight on demand with low cost.

03:43:56.000 --> 03:44:08.000
So, I'm not sure what could you design a business plan means, but I can, that's definitely what I do, but I'll address the balance of flight on demand with low cost.

03:44:08.000 --> 03:44:25.000
So, that's a good question and honestly, it's, it is going to be more of a premium service so it's not going to be off the from the get go, the same as doing a rideshare or dedicated launch because I mean you do if you're going to do on demand, then you

03:44:25.000 --> 03:44:38.000
really do have to prepare a lot. Number one, you probably have to have your satellites pre encapsulated, so there's a storage, you know, there's a storage costs and things like that, and then being able to do a quick call up like 24 hours.

03:44:38.000 --> 03:44:51.000
I mean you have to have a crew ready to go. And that's really the biggest challenge I mean, once you can operationally figure out how to fuel, how to connect, do all those things which we're learning, then you know that, you know, pretty much you can

03:44:51.000 --> 03:45:02.000
get to a site, you know, 48 hours, something like that, that's going to be pretty much solid. So it really is just having okay where's the rocket, where's the pylon, or sorry, whereas the fairing, where's the plane.

03:45:02.000 --> 03:45:13.000
And where's the crew that is going to be what it's going to take to be able to really provide these quick called services, and a snap. So, we are working that through.

03:45:13.000 --> 03:45:29.000
In fact, our next three or four launches. We will be designing with responsive launch cadence in mind so we're not doing a true responsive launch, but we are doing small things like a little late load process of a satellite, or we will be you know we'll

03:45:29.000 --> 03:45:43.000
have some folks from from from the US space force, helping us, you know, with some of the ground concepts will be demonstrating, you know, I kind of think of it almost like a race card, you know, a racecar neat for the guys are like kicking the tires

03:45:43.000 --> 03:45:53.000
and like, you know, they're like so fast and they're just able to do it like that through practice I mean, that's a little bit part of the plan so we will be working on that Carlos was really good question.

03:45:53.000 --> 03:45:58.000
It's, it's, I think there will be a kind of scale still.

03:45:58.000 --> 03:46:04.000
But it all comes down to how much planning you do, that's how we're going to keep the cost down. Okay.

03:46:04.000 --> 03:46:23.000
Let's see Alexander said Where did you launch from my mom wants to know. All right, well it's Alexander's mom. We launch from Mojave California, that's like our, our main launch site that's near Long Beach, about two hours from LA drive, no traffic.

03:46:23.000 --> 03:46:26.000
And so that's that's our spaceport there.

03:46:26.000 --> 03:46:40.000
We're also launching from Florida from the island of Guam, from the UK from Japan, but tell your mom that we can basically launch from any airport that has a long enough, or I should say spaceport because you have to have, You know, you have to the licenses

03:46:40.000 --> 03:46:51.000
of course and you have to do a lot of Safety Analysis and things like that. But you can tell your mom that we can launch mini spaceport with a long enough runway to come to some 47, which is about a 9000 foot long runway.

03:46:51.000 --> 03:46:59.000
So if you have a 9000 foot long runway, and you have a safe zone for us to launch into operations and we can probably launch from there.

03:46:59.000 --> 03:47:04.000
Um, Let's see what's the max payload launch capability.

03:47:04.000 --> 03:47:22.000
So the next pillar launch capability is probably 500 kilograms. I say probably because we will be making incremental improvements where we will be adding performance capability so I think in the future we might be able to add like another hundred or so

03:47:22.000 --> 03:47:25.000
kilograms, which would be really cool.

03:47:25.000 --> 03:47:43.000
But for now, the bounds of 300 to 500 and it depends where you go, which orbit you fly so 300 kilograms is to some synchronous 500 kilograms if you go to zero degrees, because you benefit from the, you know how the earth is basically spending zero degrees,

03:47:43.000 --> 03:47:55.000
you know, in order to get the rocket lift off the ground so or off out of the year, so we can actually get more performance from a low inclination then we can from a higher.

03:47:55.000 --> 03:48:04.000
And then another question I see is, since you haven't government governments and commercial lines what according to your pillars, do you need to run a successful business, great question.

03:48:04.000 --> 03:48:10.000
So from critique.

03:48:10.000 --> 03:48:14.000
I said there's a diplomatic answer and then there's the Nazi diplomatic answer.

03:48:14.000 --> 03:48:20.000
I I'll give you I'll give you the straight answer the straight answer in my view is.

03:48:20.000 --> 03:48:34.000
It's still a tricky market to operate through just commercially, because as I, you know, as I mentioned, there's still so many startups who have very little money are just getting going and they just have they have to conserve cash, and they have to be

03:48:34.000 --> 03:48:48.000
smart about how you know they're building up their business. And so naturally they want the cheapest price, and that obviously doesn't, you know, always, you know doesn't always work within their budget, it doesn't always get them what they need it doesn't

03:48:48.000 --> 03:48:52.000
help you know businesses like us trying to trying to go forward.

03:48:52.000 --> 03:48:58.000
You know, on a race to the bottom on price. So, the commercial market is still really feeling things out.

03:48:58.000 --> 03:49:10.000
But there's a lot of promise and I have full confidence they will get there, and they will kind of follow us will come down the cost curve and they will come up a little bit because as satellites become as our business grows you know one they'll have

03:49:10.000 --> 03:49:26.000
more cash flow that's good, but to, as, as their business grows. They're going to become needier. And what I mean by that is, you know, there are a lot of startups are fine doing right here for cheap on a big rocket like SpaceX getting into space.

03:49:26.000 --> 03:49:38.000
But once you've done that, you need to close your business case that's not a good solution for you to get a satellite up quickly to, you know, augment your capabilities so you can get more revenue to replace a satellite and so on.

03:49:38.000 --> 03:49:50.000
So, you're going to get needier you're gonna need more specific requirements, I mean it's like the bus and the Uber analogy, you might take on a bus, they'll get you home, might take you two more hours, though, because you got to wait to the stops then

03:49:50.000 --> 03:49:56.000
if you bought you know a ticket or an Uber right, which could you know could cost you 10 times more right then.

03:49:56.000 --> 03:50:13.000
Then a bus ticket. So, it just comes down to the service that is required. Now, on your idea that's commercial so commercial is still a little tentative where the way I think the way I think this needs to be successful is the government does need to be

03:50:13.000 --> 03:50:15.000
an anchor tenant.

03:50:15.000 --> 03:50:29.000
So, whether it's US government for government. You can't always depend so much on like a commercial just doing it all like, you need to, I mean there's still subsidies happening, of course all around the world for the different launch systems, so that

03:50:29.000 --> 03:50:32.000
even the market price isn't really the market price.

03:50:32.000 --> 03:50:44.000
But you need a government tenant and the government tenant at least gives you a shirt launches and it doesn't even have to be a lot, but what it does is it helps keep you know the lights on the business going, and at the end of the day, it's also a good

03:50:44.000 --> 03:50:56.000
signal to investors. So, you know, a government tenant can kind of carry you over to the next round or your next investor and, and hopefully by then you'll have figured out some of the learning curve issues the cost issues.

03:50:56.000 --> 03:51:10.000
So you can come down in price so by the time to got the new investment round in, you can be more in tune with what the commercial customer companies need so I do strongly believe that you need a government anchor to bolster your business, until especially

03:51:10.000 --> 03:51:26.000
the new space business where you know it's still not clear. The market you know they predicted $3 trillion market says you know Morgan Stanley but, but at the end of the day, like the proof is still not quite there yet because it's just starting so good

03:51:26.000 --> 03:51:27.000
questions, guys.

03:51:27.000 --> 03:51:39.000
Oh I more sorry. We saw the exterior monster one any comments on its interior architects setup. Um, it's very simple, the interior I mean it's, we use carbon fiber composites.

03:51:39.000 --> 03:51:45.000
It looks pretty much like you know it's got a skirt and then as a tank inside.

03:51:45.000 --> 03:51:54.000
We have publicized these liner was tanks that's an innovation we developed, which is helps with with mass and cost as well.

03:51:54.000 --> 03:51:58.000
But, you know, it's pretty standard looking like like grand launch vehicle.

03:51:58.000 --> 03:52:05.000
You've got the line with the liquid oxygen the fuel tanks for one stage and then the second stage.

03:52:05.000 --> 03:52:21.000
Yeah, Mr centers Kuma she says question and he has something to show Sentosa we have only one minute so can you do it.

03:52:21.000 --> 03:52:33.000
We actually had invited virgin orbit, but we're just then Virgin Galactic to come to our safety meetings to help welcome you guys. When you first arrived, it's really awesome to see how much you guys are progress because of your own skill and success

03:52:33.000 --> 03:52:37.000
and determination. The question that I have for you guys a couple questions number one.

03:52:37.000 --> 03:52:49.000
Any chance in the future you guys would ever operate out of Long Beach I know there has to be a lot of approvals and things of that nature. The second question is, are you guys currently operating.

03:52:49.000 --> 03:52:57.000
I know you guys launch out of Mojave but are you guys live at all, launching on Mojave Are you guys going out to the Pacific see range, you know, point of view.

03:52:57.000 --> 03:53:02.000
Gosh to the launch overwater, because if that's the case there's something I want to ask you about that.

03:53:02.000 --> 03:53:13.000
Yeah. And feel free to, you know, email me or reach out cuz I know we're running out of time but we'd love to launch on Long Beach and might be complicated though because of air traffic, you do have to basically, we need about a 45 minute window where

03:53:13.000 --> 03:53:18.000
you can't have any air traffic. At least that's how the regulations are now. So that could be a challenge.

03:53:18.000 --> 03:53:35.000
And then yeah we do, we do use the Civic range, so that that is where we do the drop, actually, in the ocean. I mean technically our launch starts from spaceport Mojave or the wherever the runway is, but that is what we call a cap to carry flight So,

03:53:35.000 --> 03:53:45.000
and I know we're I know we're running out of time but I want to thank everybody for listening and attending and feel free to reach out if you have any questions in the future.

03:53:45.000 --> 03:53:47.000
Yeah, I'll see what.

03:53:47.000 --> 03:54:03.000
Oh, yeah, that's right, guys. My hobby is, is actually up in the Mojave Desert out here. That was Air Force Base, that's my hobby right there so you guys will take off from there and actually do your launches in this area right here, the positivity range.

03:54:03.000 --> 03:54:11.000
Yeah, a little past St. Nick St Nicholas Island, okay there St Nicholas island of less Cruz Island. Yeah.

03:54:11.000 --> 03:54:21.000
Okay. Oh here we go okay that's a necklace on okay well that's pretty cool. I just want to show this because I thought it might be a value for people to actually see where you guys are actually doing your launches and of course Long Beach is out is out

03:54:21.000 --> 03:54:23.000
here.

03:54:23.000 --> 03:54:36.000
Right, so we use a ground station and telemetry tracking from Long Beach actually to track a rocket at least at least at the point of the drop so yep and that's the headquarters right there for you guys.

03:54:36.000 --> 03:54:47.000
Jerry right there. And if you zoom in further you can probably see me walking in the parking lot. Yeah, there you go. Thanks for let me screen share.

03:54:47.000 --> 03:54:52.000
With this I did do actually, the cost me code is it has a DSP on board.

03:54:52.000 --> 03:55:06.000
So people can. Okay. Yeah, thank you. Yeah. The one thing I will say is that Long Beach is within our little centers does make a section, responsible area so anything you need, please reach out to us, we'll be more than happy to work with you.

03:55:06.000 --> 03:55:18.000
And the other thing is already this year we heard from the news, it seems that.

03:55:18.000 --> 03:55:26.000
Yeah, thank you, we in fact she passed away. Maybe I was just a week or two before launch demo.

03:55:26.000 --> 03:55:36.000
One, and we actually put a. Her name is Eve, and we put her name on the fairing so they think he helped us, you know, make space. Yes, I see how do. Yeah, yeah.

03:55:36.000 --> 03:55:43.000
Yeah, yeah. Indeed, yeah, really sorry to hear that. But, great to see the success.

03:55:43.000 --> 03:55:50.000
Thank you. Yeah, thank you. Wonderful. Yeah, stay in touch. Thank you so much. All right, thank you everyone, have a great weekend and great.

03:55:50.000 --> 03:55:52.000
Thank you. Thank you.

03:55:52.000 --> 03:55:54.000
Okay.

03:55:54.000 --> 03:55:55.000
Thank you so much.

03:55:55.000 --> 03:56:10.000
Yeah, so this new space. Isn't that exciting, you know, Virgin obituaries interact is the leader in the new space business and uh but our next speaker from us robotic they are doing very exciting things, you know for lenders or rover and you will hear

03:56:10.000 --> 03:56:16.000
from our speaker actually you know they have just opened a new control center.

03:56:16.000 --> 03:56:30.000
Actually, so you will see kind of unconventional image from TV in the future that you know the hacking hiking and cropping you know snap from JPL it will be from Pittsburgh.

03:56:30.000 --> 03:56:46.000
So our next speaker speaker is Mr. Daniel Gillies is the media director of robotic, you know, here's another great experience, you know, he has a combined experience in the space launch program management and the mission operations in the historical career,

03:56:46.000 --> 03:56:48.000
NASA Johnson Space Center.

03:56:48.000 --> 03:57:09.000
It was a control of re controller sts 116 121 23 with United Space Alliance and the space shuttle me on mechanical support as 124 to STS, 135, if I'm correct I think once it is to leave I was the last mission of space shuttle will point after the shuttle

03:57:09.000 --> 03:57:23.000
program and we actually had an anniversary event for for for the STS one and a very exciting. So he asked to this other program, Mr kid is held roles in design Manufacturing Engineering from boys the edge 47 and 787.

03:57:23.000 --> 03:57:32.000
You're also supporting larger spacecraft Region One CubeSat and to dragon as Mission Manager SpaceX and region.

03:57:32.000 --> 03:57:36.000
Director for space fry and rocky laps.

03:57:36.000 --> 03:57:54.000
Most recently he is was admissions director in the airborne right group, when NASA Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, where he participated over 25 missions is to be in that so nautical engineering and astronautics science degree.

03:57:54.000 --> 03:57:55.000
There's also a natural This is a very excited, all those signs.

03:57:55.000 --> 03:58:07.000
a natural This is a very excited, all those science. Very well life science and also study their Oregon State University. So let's welcome Mr. Daniel kiddies.

03:58:07.000 --> 03:58:21.000
Thank you. Let me go ahead and get screen share control.

03:58:21.000 --> 03:58:23.000
There.

03:58:23.000 --> 03:58:25.000
All right, thank you very much.

03:58:25.000 --> 03:58:40.000
As mentioned, I'm Dana Gilliam admission director at Astrobotic, and specifically I'm responsible for Griffin mission one, which is the second of our planetary landers missions, and the third kind of companies flagship missions overall, and today I'm

03:58:40.000 --> 03:58:49.000
going to talk to you about our programs, which include rovers landers and space takoma I promise I didn't make up that title.

03:58:49.000 --> 03:58:57.000
So Astrobotic. You may have heard of us on the point of lunar landers but that's not all we do.

03:58:57.000 --> 03:59:09.000
Specifically, we've got areas focused on advanced navigation and computing systems our future missions and Technology Division is responsible for that it's a very large part of our landers and mobility programs.

03:59:09.000 --> 03:59:24.000
We have a surface mobility group, who's focused on rovers, so extending our reach beyond just planning side, and then of course, there is our landers group which the clarify it's a planetary leaders department, as well as making spacecraft.

03:59:24.000 --> 03:59:24.000
So at the end of the day, what is the lander but a spacecraft with legs.

03:59:24.000 --> 03:59:39.000
end of the day, what is a lander but a spacecraft with legs. In terms of who we serve of obviously NASA is a massive customer for us, are three large missions are basically chartered by NASA in the case of my mission Griffin.

03:59:39.000 --> 03:59:55.000
The Viper, which is a rover going to the South Pole is the payload on the mission. We also have commercial customers though and our Peregrine mission one that mission actually has a number of commercial customers and they range from corporate entities

03:59:55.000 --> 04:00:13.000
to other governmental entities to nonprofits or one of their kind of cool elements you technically anyone on this call could become one of our customers URDHL sponsored moon box where you can buy a space on the vehicle very small but you could send your

04:00:13.000 --> 04:00:24.000
object to the lunar surface which is pretty cool. Also, you know, I started here a little over a year ago and when I was learning about the company I thought it was relatively new.

04:00:24.000 --> 04:00:25.000
It's not.

04:00:25.000 --> 04:00:34.000
It's actually been around since 2007, and it's spun out of an effort out of Carnegie Mellon University who we still work with today.

04:00:34.000 --> 04:00:47.000
Really, you don't associate Pittsburgh with space but there, there are other space activities going on here whether they're at Carnegie Mellon, or the space High Performance Computing Center out of University of Pittsburgh.

04:00:47.000 --> 04:00:56.000
I like to think, though, given that we're the ones that are operating at a mission level, we're kind of at the forefront of space tech here in western Pennsylvania.

04:00:56.000 --> 04:00:59.000
So, why the moon.

04:00:59.000 --> 04:01:04.000
I think a lot of you, number of space architects they think I'm a call can understand that.

04:01:04.000 --> 04:01:20.000
It really is a stepping stone, whether that's in technology demonstration whether that's for supporting the human missions that will be going to some of the destinations that that we're going to on our robotic missions, or it's a pathway to Mars or elsewhere

04:01:20.000 --> 04:01:33.000
in the solar system and our missions are contributing to each of these elements in some way as being that initial Pathfinder particularly with respect to commercial entity is being able to go to another planetary body to to the moon.

04:01:33.000 --> 04:01:43.000
All of these things from fuel depots mining, manufacturing, I'm just expanding the reach of our species will all be made possible through these small steps.

04:01:43.000 --> 04:01:51.000
So in terms of our programs. First the services side and I'll talk more about these in the following slides as well.

04:01:51.000 --> 04:02:05.000
We've got two primary landers. The first is paragraph, which is designed for that roughly hundred kilogram payload class and that number can go up and it can go down depending on where you go on the moon, and what the mission specific configuration is

04:02:05.000 --> 04:02:20.000
you can always think of these landers as if you come from the aircraft world being configurable with mission kits, things that might matter if, are you carrying a rover, or are you only doing drilling per se at a site, they're going to be landing at that

04:02:20.000 --> 04:02:36.000
will help determine the configuration of a given vehicle. Then there's Griffin, which is capable of taking surface payloads over 500 kilograms, I'm in the case of Viper that's a 475 kilogram payload and that is just the rover, and attach hardware alone,

04:02:36.000 --> 04:02:44.000
that does not include the mission specific hardware like the ramps, which are obviously very specific for that specific rover.

04:02:44.000 --> 04:02:57.000
Then we also do the mobility side as a service, and we have two primary vehicles that we offer from a service offering perspective. And the first of those is cubed over which have a bunch of slides on, I think it's a really awesome little platform, I'm

04:02:57.000 --> 04:03:15.000
thinking of it as the CubeSat equivalent. When you're thinking of something much larger like Viper or our Polaris vehicle. Instead, this is meant to be a small agile and low cost, and that's for surface payloads ranging from two to six kilograms.

04:03:15.000 --> 04:03:28.000
Then there's Polaris, which can handle surface payloads up to 90 kilograms, and that really was signed with vehicle like Griffin in mind in fact those programs were made it together once brilliant our development history.

04:03:28.000 --> 04:03:38.000
So we're not just services. We also are designing hardware and actually doing quite a bit of r amp D and that's at the API level, which is really exciting.

04:03:38.000 --> 04:03:57.000
So, a large part of that technology is in support of our missions, on and it boils down to precise pointing and navigation, particularly in GPS denied environments which, For now, the moon is that until someone sets up the lunar navigation system.

04:03:57.000 --> 04:04:12.000
forward to that day autonomous navigation. We are not driving the vehicle down to the surface. During power descent is entirely autonomous process. And that also means that needs to be able to avoid obstacles that you might not even be able to see on

04:04:12.000 --> 04:04:19.000
the best of the LRO images on that you're really going to be finding out about once you get to that last moment of turmoil of ascent.

04:04:19.000 --> 04:04:26.000
In order to do this, it's not just about building the hardware capable of detecting those obstacles and doing those calculations, but also being able to simulate it.

04:04:26.000 --> 04:04:41.000
And we've put in a lot of effort to physics space rendering, and I'll show you some videos of that that I think are really exciting that illustrate the capabilities of Astrobotic beyond just the hardware side space computing is the last element, and there's

04:04:41.000 --> 04:04:56.000
some elements of this that are really going to push forward right now in supportive deploying some of these elements of hardware, but also for other future missions, maybe even for the lander space computing especially in deep space is hard, especially

04:04:56.000 --> 04:05:08.000
when you're talking about rad hard components. It's bad enough if there are ship shortages around the world right now, and it's harder when you're talking about rad hard parts costs are high lead times are long so being able to bring that in house and

04:05:08.000 --> 04:05:17.000
provide a custom tailored solution that we can use again and again is really important I think for the commercialization of the moon and other Deep Space destinations.

04:05:17.000 --> 04:05:29.000
So this is where it happens, I know there was a tour on the agenda, one time isn't going to support that but also to the facade that shown in this picture is actually going in right now so everything is a bit of a mess.

04:05:29.000 --> 04:05:42.000
But right now I'm in one of our manufacturing areas and I've got the Peregrine on structural test article that went through qualification behind me, which is just a small piece of our facility but we have our headquarters here in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

04:05:42.000 --> 04:05:57.000
It's where we do everything from manufacturing on some levels of test to mission operations we have Mission Control Center, I showed in the next slide, this is a rendering but this facility actually is online now and it was recently completed which is

04:05:57.000 --> 04:06:01.000
pretty exciting will probably more about that in the news coming soon.

04:06:01.000 --> 04:06:12.000
So going in our manifesto I can give you a little bit more details on this missions. This is Mission one paragraph, going to the moon later this year is going to a landing site called lacks mortis.

04:06:12.000 --> 04:06:14.000
So that is on the near side of the moon.

04:06:14.000 --> 04:06:26.000
Hence the solar panel on top retailers on the side you'll see some big differences when we look at our polar configuration with Griffin 16 customers from seven countries, a million dollar program from NASA very exciting.

04:06:26.000 --> 04:06:33.000
One of the first winners in Eclipse program really cool mission really as a Pathfinder.

04:06:33.000 --> 04:06:44.000
And we've been making a lot of great progress. This happened last year so this is actually old news, but it's still really exciting to see it's when we actually first moved into this facility that I'm in today.

04:06:44.000 --> 04:06:54.000
And this is our structural test model. On the next slide, can actually show you on the center image is that article, going through vibration testing.

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In the upper right hand corner that is one of our axial engines for the vehicle actually coming out of Southern California at frontier aerospace.

04:07:01.000 --> 04:07:17.000
The cool thing about those engines that they're also part of the NASA program in order to have other deep space by prop engines available for the new missions, beyond just going to the moon, and then the lower right hand corner, had a number of paleo

04:07:17.000 --> 04:07:26.000
checkout activities that have already been to occur for this mission as part of the payload integration process already mentioned Perrin 16 deals signed a date.

04:07:26.000 --> 04:07:44.000
There were three that came post clips, so we started this process in 2012, and I will tell you, it is hard. I'm sure as the other speaker later today from our competitor will also attest, the commercial lunar market is burgeoning, but it's kind of if

04:07:44.000 --> 04:07:58.000
you build it they will come. so we're at the forefront of that and it's really exciting but I don't think it's for the faint hearted. So, unlike the small launch market, you're probably not going to see as many commercial internet lander companies off

04:07:58.000 --> 04:08:13.000
the bat, although they are starting to pop up especially with programs like clips able to provide that seed, just a list of some of our customers you can tell they're from a wide variety of types of customer bases everywhere from nonprofits like moon

04:08:13.000 --> 04:08:18.000
arcs and Moon arc to robotics like space bet, or canadensis.

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So, these are just some updates, these have occurred some as far as 2019 in the case of the Vulcan signature. But the program has made a lot of success, our engines have been going through hot fire our headquarters are now online will be doing final integration

04:08:33.000 --> 04:08:43.000
that vehicle structural test models gone through qualification, and guess our launch vehicle has been signed and in fact we've just signed another one recently for our next mission.

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This pivoting for a moment is our second mission on the calendar major mission and that's moon Ranger, which we're calling mission to, it'll be going to the moon with mass than in 2022 is part of their mission as this was a Eclipse payload so we're both

04:08:58.000 --> 04:09:11.000
payload and the lander which is kind of cool. And this is something that we are partnered with Carnegie Mellon University on, so it's not part of the product line per se, it's more of a unique mission, but it will be testing autonomy on the surface limit.

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This is a picture of one of the engineering models of that rover during some fit checks effectively to our vibe table, I'm not quite yet vibe at that point, next mission three which I refer to as Griffin mission one as it is the first of many Griffin

04:09:28.000 --> 04:09:34.000
missions hopefully that will be going to the South Pole the moon at a site to be determined by NASA very soon.

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That'll be going there at the end of 2023.

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It will be carrying NASA's Viper which is shown there on the right. $200 million program for us pretty exciting. Pretty amazing considering where our company's come from back at X PRIZE days to now carrying a nationally important payload lunar surface

04:09:52.000 --> 04:09:54.000
and not just that but to Paul.

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This is glam, an acronym that I invented the Griffin lunar analog model. This is being used for prototype testing and I think, yeah, I've got another photo here, it's being used to test the ramps, so there will be a viper engineering model in the coming

04:10:11.000 --> 04:10:24.000
weeks, that's actually going to be driving down these ramps with a variety of different positive engagement features are those are high friction surfaces or actual engagement tabs, we're testing it all out to find the optimal solution and safest solution

04:10:24.000 --> 04:10:30.000
for the aggressive Viper onto the moon. And then on the right is that STM model that's right behind me.

04:10:30.000 --> 04:10:38.000
So cool progress here on this program we've had a number of procurements already occurring with your respective flight, as well as hot firing activities.

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I'm going along the top of the screen and then down to on my right looking at, at least, that's our axial engine it's actually, um, this was from a prior programs, that's not a hot fire in support of Griffin but on the program that it was a legacy from.

04:10:52.000 --> 04:10:58.000
from. However, on the lower left hand side is our ACS engine.

04:10:58.000 --> 04:11:12.000
That is part of the hot fire and I've got more images, I think on the next slide. Yes. From agile space industries, I will mention frontier that Southern California company also testing out in Mojave they're providing the axial engine for the program,

04:11:12.000 --> 04:11:26.000
agile is our ACS engine provider on these engines have already started to go through hot fire which is really exciting launch vehicle was signed, you probably saw that news very recently we had selected the Falcon Heavy to take us to the moon, launching

04:11:26.000 --> 04:11:31.000
out of 39 a really exciting. I'm excited to work with SpaceX again.

04:11:31.000 --> 04:11:34.000
But it was a very hard competition.

04:11:34.000 --> 04:11:46.000
Very difficult decision to make, but SpaceX is our selection and I'm looking forward to getting into mission integration with them. And then on the right of course is that the glam that I was referring to not only was it assembled here, it was delivered

04:11:46.000 --> 04:11:58.000
Johnson Space Center that's in building nine where the other mockups are stored and it's going to use for engineering evaluations imminently so quickly talking about space as a service.

04:11:58.000 --> 04:12:07.000
So in terms of surface service, say you want to send a payload to the surface today. Well we advertise our prices on our website, it's $1.2 million per kilogram.

04:12:07.000 --> 04:12:21.000
However, it's not just mass the surface, it is a hosted payload. So that includes surface operations. Right now our missions baseline operating during the lunar day or the next step will be to operate through the lunar night so that limit shown for surface

04:12:21.000 --> 04:12:36.000
ops just assumes that it's lunar day only provide calm on the surface power and of course the place to be. If you have a deployable payload, you don't have to stay hosted we have rovers that we are carrying to the moon, other than Viper that can be deployed

04:12:36.000 --> 04:12:39.000
to the surface as part of the mission.

04:12:39.000 --> 04:12:50.000
We also, as I mentioned, can provide that rover for you. So this is the cube rover product line, and it's been sized using that keeps that standard of one you to you three you.

04:12:50.000 --> 04:13:07.000
So what you're seeing here is a to ua for you where they're kind of two in front end to deeper into the screen, and then a six you it similarly provides you power data communications back to the lander which provides communications back to Earth.

04:13:07.000 --> 04:13:11.000
It can host instruments, it can host is Ru, you name it.

04:13:11.000 --> 04:13:17.000
It is a cool little spacecraft, and we can provide it as a complete messaging solution.

04:13:17.000 --> 04:13:27.000
These are just some examples of applications, give you an idea on the order I think that following slide of $4.8 million gets you a cube rover mission.

04:13:27.000 --> 04:13:35.000
So if you want to start your own space program and you won the lottery or you're really great at fundraising, this is your opportunity to do so.

04:13:35.000 --> 04:13:43.000
be outfitted with instruments, it could go to support another mission or could run on a mission of its own kind of space program in a box.

04:13:43.000 --> 04:13:48.000
Oh yeah and then this is a video that I will play, I don't know if you'll hear the sound.

04:13:48.000 --> 04:13:56.000
If you do that is not sound of the rover generator at the rock yard in done at night.

04:13:56.000 --> 04:14:08.000
But just an example. That's the Berber operating autonomously, it is small, but small means lightweight and lightweight means low cost to get it to the moon.

04:14:08.000 --> 04:14:19.000
So if you're interested more in learning about our services. We do have PayPal users guides both for to Grover and Paragon, and I believe the Griffin Users Guide is coming quite soon as well.

04:14:19.000 --> 04:14:32.000
There is an ID D so an interface design document, like you'd find on any other common spacecraft bus, so you can determine how will this meet my needs, what are the interfaces that it has windows or physical electrical or com.

04:14:32.000 --> 04:14:43.000
Also with every mission you get a Astrobotic payload manager, customer service is a very big part of our way of doing business. It is one of our key priorities.

04:14:43.000 --> 04:14:47.000
So look forward to having you on our missions in the future.

04:14:47.000 --> 04:15:01.000
Going forward, and to close this out I'll end on talking about our space technologies.

04:15:01.000 --> 04:15:15.000
Just to give you an idea of the wide breadth of activities that we do at Astrobotic on this is a payload that was built with Bosch. And specifically, it was autonomously listening for sound signatures on the space station so imagine you have, and it's

04:15:15.000 --> 04:15:27.000
this is in its kind of a subsystem level form it is meant to be integrated into a larger robot that robot, then can live, if you will, on a space station.

04:15:27.000 --> 04:15:43.000
Future vehicle and listen for anonymous noises like machinery that's not beginning to work properly and provide that diagnostic off the bat so sound detection and taking action based on it more autonomy autonomous mapping, I love this one.

04:15:43.000 --> 04:15:59.000
I don't think it gets enough, press, because this goes back also to 2018 or 2019 autonomous mapping technology which as you can imagine, evolves into what we're doing now, for the mapping technologies Lanham lunar surface on these are products of LIDAR,

04:15:59.000 --> 04:16:05.000
and I will actually just show you a video on the next slide to save time.

04:16:05.000 --> 04:16:08.000
So, I'm equipped on a drone.

04:16:08.000 --> 04:16:09.000
Sounds a little bit loud.

04:16:09.000 --> 04:16:26.000
But the new autonomous mapping of course the application here, imagine this corner rover, or on another vehicle on the, on the moon, you could explore lava tubes and begin to build as you can see in the map of top is the suspect up on build maps for future

04:16:26.000 --> 04:16:39.000
explorers to utilize or for resource exploration, which I think is just awesome there's a. If you've seen Promethean, they deploy a little sphere and it goes and maps out the whole ship, just like that.

04:16:39.000 --> 04:16:43.000
Except it, you know, can't float in its own and then

04:16:43.000 --> 04:17:01.000
CRN, and that's train relative navigation and then hazard detection and avoidance hga. So this is a very big part of going to the moon, especially for the South Pole, where hazardous features on the surface like a rock of say, 20 centimeters.

04:17:01.000 --> 04:17:09.000
Back to provide a hazard to the lander that could provide a hazard to the rover as coming off so we need to know about those and be able to avoid them.

04:17:09.000 --> 04:17:19.000
So I mentioned there's no GPS on the moon so you need to be able to navigate without that external reference, while you're descending and that's what train relative navigation allows us to do.

04:17:19.000 --> 04:17:34.000
By using digital elevation maps that are been recreated on the vehicle. Train feature mapping so I'm using machine vision basically to up. I knew what this surface should look like, oh I see that surface provides a reference when you take into account

04:17:34.000 --> 04:17:46.000
the altitude and the speed you are moving suddenly you know where you are and you do that constantly as you descend and which is what the bar here is are presenting then as you get very close to the surface on now it's time for detecting hazards and with

04:17:46.000 --> 04:17:57.000
that we use LIDAR to be able to determine, oh, is there a rock where I wanted to land a big one. Yes. What do I do, I divert I hover I go to another site that's safer.

04:17:57.000 --> 04:18:09.000
And so that is a very important part of going to the South Pole and that is technology we have developed entirely in house, really proud of as being part of a product line here at Astrobotic also available for other lunar landers and other programs that

04:18:09.000 --> 04:18:19.000
are interested in using this technology and their applications far beyond just landing on the moon or planetary bodies. So, in terms of the tech that allows you to go do that that's pretty awesome.

04:18:19.000 --> 04:18:36.000
On this is part of that rendering that occurs on the left is imagery I believe from LR Oh, and on the right is what gets generated on board. So it's taking into account not only Digital Elevation maps, but also lighting timing on this allows you to know,

04:18:36.000 --> 04:18:50.000
based on when you are, where you are, through the lighting conditions match. It gets rid of all the unknowns as you're going down to the surface, if people have questions on this, I will take them as an action because I'm not the expert on this technology

04:18:50.000 --> 04:19:07.000
but it is key for us to get to the surface and then lastly, on which will end with and try to get us back on time. We are hiring quite a bit. This came from our website this morning there are 17 positions open some of these for more than one position,

04:19:07.000 --> 04:19:19.000
and that's in support of all of our programs we're really making a push to continue to expand our r amp D efforts. So if you are a space in architect if you are an engineer, and you were looking to get into the r&d environment.

04:19:19.000 --> 04:19:22.000
This is an awesome place to work.

04:19:22.000 --> 04:19:37.000
It may people get scared of, oh I'm going to Pittsburgh. What if something happens, What will I do well, hopefully, nothing will happen and we're going to be quite successful we have funded missions through 2023 2024 already and more soon to come.

04:19:37.000 --> 04:19:48.000
But this is still an area for tech development autonomy in Pittsburgh go hand in hand, whether that's in autonomous vehicles drones, or you know landers.

04:19:48.000 --> 04:19:53.000
That is my last slide so I'm ready to open it for questions.

04:19:53.000 --> 04:20:02.000
Thank you, Danny oh this is amazing. You know the new space is booming. This is really fantastic and you're wonderful you're a leader in this field. It's really amazing.

04:20:02.000 --> 04:20:17.000
The Tin is also about the march 2020 was using right, but then they raised it. There are different applications, and some are using LIDAR some use imagery same on the HD.

04:20:17.000 --> 04:20:29.000
Happy affection. Some use optical sensor copper all optical but an image based versus a laser base so there's all different flavors. But yeah, indeed.

04:20:29.000 --> 04:20:31.000
Yes.

04:20:31.000 --> 04:20:43.000
So, yeah, they just said, and then they're in progress. Now they are key you know we have the space textual events and they are pump up they have all the kinds of design but they feed you are Robert, I think that the vendor to do it, otherwise no they

04:20:43.000 --> 04:20:51.000
took out very nice you know habitat building in the South Pole but without the rover's in the land that they cannot do anything.

04:20:51.000 --> 04:20:58.000
Yeah, I think, Shan Shan Oh, I think you raise hand, do you want to say something you can unmute yourself.

04:20:58.000 --> 04:21:10.000
Oh, yeah, I just had a quick question. First of all, thank you for this awesome presentation. I'm actually I noticed in your bio you are pretty well. I'm currently a produce students so boiler up.

04:21:10.000 --> 04:21:27.000
I just had a quick question about kind of the unique challenges, or if there were any with relation to like achieving autonomy with lunar rovers, because I know that like on Earth, obviously, you will you can use a variety of different sensors to get

04:21:27.000 --> 04:21:41.000
different data. And I was just wondering if compared to, for example, creating like a car that can drive itself on Earth, what types of challenges do you have to face in like a more rough terrain, or in a train you know where there's like hardly any light,

04:21:41.000 --> 04:21:53.000
or maybe just super cold or super hot I was just wondering like if there was any specific challenges you've faced or had to focus on especially with everything you just said, I mean, massive one right.

04:21:53.000 --> 04:22:08.000
Yeah, especially when we're talking about the South Pole and not to mention comms being right now with the rover in lander line of sight. So if there's no orbital asset which China's got a great orbital asset but we don't yet.

04:22:08.000 --> 04:22:20.000
It makes it hard to do that rover beyond line of sight unless it's carrying its own you know, expand transponder back to earth which that makes it very big, it's what Viper does, they communicate directly back to Earth.

04:22:20.000 --> 04:22:34.000
So that's definitely a challenge, it's one we're looking to help solve our lander help solve some of the challenges for navigation, as we're coming down to the site we're collecting as much imagery as possible using our CRM using our high definition cameras,

04:22:34.000 --> 04:22:45.000
and we're going to be able to use that to create maps that can then be used by our mobility team, or by Viper on those things are of key interest. So, you try to make them go hand in hand.

04:22:45.000 --> 04:22:57.000
But, but yeah, South Pole, especially if you're going to operate for more than the daytime, it's going to get really really cold. And when you're talking about a very small rover, you've got to begin to get really creative in terms of how you can make

04:22:57.000 --> 04:23:02.000
it survive. It's not going to be batteries alone. That's the Viper approach.

04:23:02.000 --> 04:23:05.000
It might be finding a shelter, maybe on the lander.

04:23:05.000 --> 04:23:11.000
Lots of cool concepts there to explore but that's kind of the cool things that we get to do here and Astrobotic.

04:23:11.000 --> 04:23:14.000
Awesome. Thank you so much. Welcome.

04:23:14.000 --> 04:23:21.000
Yeah, thank you, Daniel This is wonderful. I think there's three questions in the q amp a but box but I think the time is not enough.

04:23:21.000 --> 04:23:35.000
So so but you can you Okay, so maybe you can continue to look into the q amp a part you can type your answer there. See if we can address that somebody there I think some of the questions you mentioned you, you probably have to take note to you know about

04:23:35.000 --> 04:23:50.000
that model mathematical model. But anyway, thank you so much Thank you This is really fantastic and we'd love to as robotic It's amazing. You know I was in Pittsburgh and that you were you were in our from LA so it's great combination, stay in touch.

04:23:50.000 --> 04:24:05.000
Thank you very much. Now let us know any anything you need. Let us know. Thank you absolutely wonderful this amazing so everybody can see this amazing you know, new space that's really what I think NASA has been picturing or you know the vibrant economic

04:24:05.000 --> 04:24:11.000
activities for business in space.

04:24:11.000 --> 04:24:28.000
So, so our next speaker. As you to Brandon and Parker, are there from Booz Allen Hamilton, they'll go to going to tell us more about your story they actually have some new idea proposal for the artificial intelligence.

04:24:28.000 --> 04:24:36.000
So let me say a few words and Brandon is a senior consultant at Booz Allen Hamilton in Los Angeles, California.

04:24:36.000 --> 04:24:47.000
He is focusing primarily on the acquisition development of next generation Space Systems. Prior to joining Booz Allen. He works, has worked for the DC based based consulting firm.

04:24:47.000 --> 04:24:59.000
And our global and for the US House of Representatives committee of science space and technology. His publications evolution of human use of outer space have received recognition and national and international levels.

04:24:59.000 --> 04:25:06.000
The CO speaker, Mr. Parker Selsey is the lead engineer at Booz Allen Hamilton, also in Los Angeles, California.

04:25:06.000 --> 04:25:21.000
He has been focusing on the software engineering product development data science. In addition to facilitating acquisition I've cycle management at the space me sales System Center is software solution have enabled mission critical operations across government

04:25:21.000 --> 04:25:30.000
agency military installation global commercial firms and the aerospace program. Most recently, you know, I was a NASA JPL mission.

04:25:30.000 --> 04:25:33.000
March 2020.

04:25:33.000 --> 04:25:47.000
He's experienced software architecture. And also, he's been recognized, you know, throughout widely in God and the industry so let's welcome Brandon and the park, what is the exciting presentation.

04:25:47.000 --> 04:25:57.000
Hey, so great to be here first of all I want to check Are you able to hear me Can you see us All right, I'll make sure we're all set up here. Yeah, yeah, I can see you.

04:25:57.000 --> 04:26:15.000
Perfect. So I'll start sharing my screen. It's a pleasure to be here with everyone. Um, let me just pull up the presentation. I'm thrilled to be able to give this presentation with my co presenter and co author Parker saucy who was tremendously helpful.

04:26:15.000 --> 04:26:32.000
Throughout the entire writing process as a subject matter expert. And I think that actually this topic of applications for artificial intelligence piggybacks really well on a lot of the really amazing presentations we've seen so far, just to set the stage

04:26:32.000 --> 04:26:49.000
a little bit. But what I hope to cover is not necessarily a specific deep dive on cutting edge artificial intelligence capabilities which are, don't get me wrong, they're very interesting papers and having read a lot of them there's some really fantastic

04:26:49.000 --> 04:26:59.000
groundbreaking work that's being done, but rather, I'd like to use AI as a lens through which we can examine some of the challenges that currently face.

04:26:59.000 --> 04:27:17.000
The, the, the rollout or the development of the new space age that we're all really excited about and that a lot of the other presenters in this conference are actually helping lead and talk about how AI in particular, is a tool that we believe is especially

04:27:17.000 --> 04:27:47.000
well suited to address some of these challenges and actually help catalyze the development of a real robust new space economy in which outer space has developed for the benefit of all of humanity in new and exciting ways so to give a quick overview and

04:27:50.000 --> 04:28:09.000
of the basics and, and some of the technological foundations for the future discussion, and then go through the actual applications that we believe AI is especially promising for Space Systems, not only because there are applications that have the capability

04:28:09.000 --> 04:28:21.000
to dramatically enhance the capabilities of certain Space Systems, but also because they are applications that we believe are especially important for the overall development of the space economy so real.

04:28:21.000 --> 04:28:31.000
You know, real kind of hard hitting applications, some of which are meeting immediately applicable, some of which will become more and more useful over time.

04:28:31.000 --> 04:28:48.000
And we'll conclude with just a couple of considerations that are important to this topic, and some recommendations that we have that we discovered in our research and also just in our career experience that are important for bringing about the new space

04:28:48.000 --> 04:28:55.000
age, and specifically one catalyzed by the new and innovative use of AI.

04:28:55.000 --> 04:29:07.000
So just zooming out really all the way we wanted to examine what is this new space station, why is it important well for from the foundational level.

04:29:07.000 --> 04:29:23.000
I personally believe and I've written a lot about this and study this a lot, that the human space relationship is one that is special and it has been special throughout pretty much all of human history on the left here you see a couple quotations we have

04:29:23.000 --> 04:29:41.000
extracted from our paper that dig a little deeper on this, in particular when you consider the impact that outer space and specifically the study and exploration of outer space has had throughout all of human history, dating from the earliest cave paintings,

04:29:41.000 --> 04:29:54.000
which have been shown to be not only artistic representations of the stars and anthropomorphised nations of of the stars and constellations but also tools that they they use to track migratory herds and everything.

04:29:54.000 --> 04:30:14.000
You know, that is the foundation moving up all the way to the enlightenment and, you know, the findings of Copernicus and Galileo and then of course. More recently, the moon landings and the resurgence of, you know, a true space age, as we're trying to

04:30:14.000 --> 04:30:32.000
accomplish these days I think that outer space has certainly played an outsize role, given how remote and difficult to understand it can be, and really shapes our collective sense of identity very well so I think that with that as the background kind

04:30:32.000 --> 04:30:35.000
of the importance of the human relationship without a space.

04:30:35.000 --> 04:30:51.000
We can turn now to the latest development in this exciting and important relationship which is the potential for a new space age, which is what we're all excited about what many of us have devoted our careers to and certainly why we're gathered here today.

04:30:51.000 --> 04:30:56.000
So, to give a little bit of a definition to this new space age.

04:30:56.000 --> 04:31:03.000
It is been made possible, in many ways, due to the rapid advances in space technologies.

04:31:03.000 --> 04:31:17.000
Various space technologies from launch to a hardware and software capabilities, some of which we've heard about today from certainly from the previous presentation and also from, from the virgin orbit presentations as well the keynote earlier.

04:31:17.000 --> 04:31:35.000
And it's a really exciting space age that I think is not just exciting but also it is becoming tangible, certainly over the past decade is certainly manifested into real growth and real activity in this sector just a couple numbers from athletic 2020.

04:31:35.000 --> 04:31:55.000
We saw nearly $6 billion invested across 135 distinct startups, which is a you know another record setting year for investment in the space industry as well as a continuation of the pronounced growth in Space Systems launched year over a year, which I

04:31:55.000 --> 04:32:05.000
think are good signs that the space domain is becoming increasingly developed, or at least we're moving in direction towards developing that.

04:32:05.000 --> 04:32:10.000
So with this acceleration in mind.

04:32:10.000 --> 04:32:27.000
It is understandable why there is such a fervor around the development of the space domain and why many people believe that it seems inevitable that you know with all the sudden we have now, we are certainly moving towards a time in which Outer Space

04:32:27.000 --> 04:32:37.000
will increasingly be used for human benefit both here on earth and then wherever we find ourselves, but I think it's also helpful to remember and certainly the other presenters.

04:32:37.000 --> 04:32:46.000
And folks who work in this industry or are aware that achieving this new space age and all that, all the possibilities that entails is far from guaranteed.

04:32:46.000 --> 04:32:53.000
There are innumerable risks and challenges that are associated with this, I find it helpful to reflect.

04:32:53.000 --> 04:33:07.000
When I find myself being over optimistic about the accomplishment of this new space age, that this is not the first time, certainly in human history that people have prophesized that we're on the cusp of a new space age.

04:33:07.000 --> 04:33:15.000
Going back to the original rocket pioneers and Constantine co Kosky, a famous space futurist who.

04:33:15.000 --> 04:33:29.000
Imagine that before too long, we would certainly be using outer space for farming and for agrarian purposes and for, you know, all these different utilitarian purposes that would allow earth to become a paradise.

04:33:29.000 --> 04:33:39.000
You know, before too long, and this is someone who was was coming up with these ideas over a century ago, and obviously that hasn't come to pass, obviously.

04:33:39.000 --> 04:33:55.000
Another example is Verner von Braun who after famously designing the Apollo program and the tremendous success that they had in sending the First Men to the moon, some less people know that he also developed.

04:33:55.000 --> 04:34:11.000
Justice ambitious plans for the first men on Mars and actually creating a streams of rockets and space vehicles that would ferry American astronauts to and from Mars creating more or less a permanent presence of Americans and humans on Mars in the 1970s

04:34:11.000 --> 04:34:30.000
and 80s, and he certainly thought that that was going to happen and he went to the administration at the time and presented that plan for NASA. And they were, they were shut down for budgetary reasons that it was a huge cost and was just not feasible.

04:34:30.000 --> 04:34:40.000
And so that was another instance in which a new space age that seemed inevitable. Actually, did not occur and so with that in mind.

04:34:40.000 --> 04:34:58.000
I think it's helpful to assess the challenges that we currently face, and how we can address them systematically to make sure that this new space, safe, which we're also excited about is not another instance of believing it to be inevitable and then ultimately

04:34:58.000 --> 04:35:13.000
having it fall far short of our expectations. So some of these challenges, which actually have been mentioned throughout the day so far and the presentations I've seen some of them are obvious cost risk and distance in the space domain makes it an inherently

04:35:13.000 --> 04:35:25.000
hard place to reach, and if you are going to reach it, it's expensive and dangerous. So, it often is the last choice for any company who wants to do business.

04:35:25.000 --> 04:35:38.000
Because it is dangerous and expensive and far from guaranteed. There's also developing the space ecosystem and a real space economy involves in interdependency of lots of different space companies.

04:35:38.000 --> 04:35:55.000
You know, one providing services to another in a conformist sort of House of Cards in which, if one key link should fail, as we've seen certain space companies failed like Planetary Resources or other other space companies that have folded it can create

04:35:55.000 --> 04:36:08.000
a certain fragility that can impair the business models of other otherwise strong space companies so that's a consideration as well, and other other considerations that I won't get into that but which I think we're all familiar.

04:36:08.000 --> 04:36:24.000
Among them are regulatory environmental and other national security considerations, some of which are likely to grow over time as the space environment becomes increasingly complex and increasingly crowded, for instance space situational awareness spacecraft

04:36:24.000 --> 04:36:34.000
management, and also legal questions, particularly those involving domain rights and the surface of the moon and other planetary bodies.

04:36:34.000 --> 04:36:52.000
So this is the stage, as we see it at this point, and certainly I hope I haven't painted a pessimistic picture but rather a realistic one one in which the excitement that characterizes the current moment, must also be met by a methodical approach to tackling

04:36:52.000 --> 04:37:13.000
the challenges, which are inherent to the very challenging environment in which we're hoping to increasingly develop. So into this picture comes AI as a specific technology that as you see on the corner on the right, we believe has the unique potential

04:37:13.000 --> 04:37:27.000
to dramatically enhance the capabilities of space systems and also systems systems, and so doing service and key tool in addressing systematic space domain challenges, and catalyze development of outer space for human benefit.

04:37:27.000 --> 04:37:45.000
so in this paper that we wrote we highlighted it as one technology, in particular, that we believe can play a critical role in catalyzing the development of the space domain and bring it up about bringing it about more quickly and more effectively and

04:37:45.000 --> 04:37:49.000
encouraging more and more activity in the space domain.

04:37:49.000 --> 04:37:57.000
And we, we go on to identify a few specific applications that we believe for several reasons are particularly important.

04:37:57.000 --> 04:38:07.000
So we'll discuss those later. But first, I think it's helpful to discuss, just a little bit of what we mean when we say AI what it is and what it isn't.

04:38:07.000 --> 04:38:17.000
And for that I turn it over to my co presenter Parker saucy who's the subject matter expert on this so Parker, take it away.

04:38:17.000 --> 04:38:23.000
Yeah, and thanks so much Brendan I appreciate it. I hope my audio is coming in clear for everybody.

04:38:23.000 --> 04:38:36.000
I just want to say Brendan um it's funny that you talk about optimism and pessimism and realism because I feel like if you work with AI for long enough you, you lose the optimism pretty quickly, you realize it definitely takes over a fair bit.

04:38:36.000 --> 04:38:50.000
So yeah to Brendan's point when I want to do here is I originally started this out I wanted to kind of give a long sort of background on examples of AI, how I am has been applied before what that might look like here, but I'm not going to do that.

04:38:50.000 --> 04:39:12.000
I think most of us have a pretty solid idea of the applications of AI we can talk about facial recognition we can talk about self driving vehicles autonomous vehicles, things like that, um, autonomous mapping these sorts of rule based rule based analyses

04:39:12.000 --> 04:39:19.000
to think about AI and the way that I tend to think about it in the context of this greater new space age.

04:39:19.000 --> 04:39:33.000
About 100 years ago, you when we first saw the rise of automation and we first saw you know, very, very rudimentary machines that were replicating the ability of a human to do a thing, your ability to make a car your ability to hammer something your ability

04:39:33.000 --> 04:39:36.000
to do something else.

04:39:36.000 --> 04:39:47.000
technology was replicated replicating your actions, it was replicating a thing that you're doing with AI, we're taking that a step further. So the way I like to think about this is AI is taking that and saying all right well you've replicated a human

04:39:47.000 --> 04:40:02.000
action. Now you're replicating a human decision making process, you're taking a machine and you're giving it some ability to replicate the way that a human makes a decision or arrives at an analysis point or performance some kind of heuristic reasoning

04:40:02.000 --> 04:40:11.000
or something like that. And the way that I like to think about it is that AI is really the capacity of the machine to do that one thing really really well.

04:40:11.000 --> 04:40:24.000
And that's something that I think is really really key because what that allows us to look at is it allows us to say, all right, well, how many times with something that we build with a complex system, are we, arriving at something where humans have to

04:40:24.000 --> 04:40:34.000
make a lot of decisions, and we are in a position where we can't really make all those decisions life. One of the key examples of that that comes to mind is if you take a satellite and you send it into space.

04:40:34.000 --> 04:40:40.000
You can't apply a ton more attentive human decisions to that once it leaves Earth and once it leaves the atmosphere.

04:40:40.000 --> 04:40:52.000
And over on the left right here we talked a little bit about sort of what the implementation of AI is aiming to do and I think this comes down to the second point right here, what you were mainly trying to do with a lot of modern applications a day and

04:40:52.000 --> 04:41:05.000
a lot of this comes out of how we've talked about it and God, how we've talked about it in space systems, how we've talked about it in cyber analysis, things like that, is what you're trying to do is you're trying to mitigate operational risk by enabling

04:41:05.000 --> 04:41:14.000
systems to basically respond on their own, the same way that if you saw stimulus come in if you saw a problem arrive, or an issue arise or something like that.

04:41:14.000 --> 04:41:27.000
You could make a decision to respond to it, you're training your system to do that without you needing to be in the loop this is something that we talked a lot about in DOD with human in the loop analysis, no human in the loop and things like that I think

04:41:27.000 --> 04:41:29.000
are really key way to look at this.

04:41:29.000 --> 04:41:46.000
And the other thing I want to do is kind of dispel some of the the illusions about a I think more than really any other topic in technology, there is a giant gap between what AI is what artificial intelligence is what machine learning is.

04:41:46.000 --> 04:41:48.000
And the way that we like to discuss it.

04:41:48.000 --> 04:42:04.000
Thanks to Elon Musk and Westworld it's now very fashionable to say oh but AI is going to take over AI is going to replace us, did you see that Black Mirror don't you watch TV, I think, I think he I think he loves doing all right bubble burst the bubble

04:42:04.000 --> 04:42:19.000
a little bit here. That's not the key danger with AI, from my perspective, what we're looking at right now is not the potential that at least at this moment with current AI with sort of the the view into the future right now bad that we have is not that

04:42:19.000 --> 04:42:25.000
it will get so smart that it will effectively supplant us and replace us.

04:42:25.000 --> 04:42:36.000
But really, you know, black black mirror is definitely weird, but the danger is not that it will get so smart that it will replace us and that it will, you know that effectively supplant our, our reasoning.

04:42:36.000 --> 04:42:46.000
The danger is that it will get smart enough that will think it's a lot smarter than it actually is. Right now we're not really at that point where a I can totally get past us and do all of that.

04:42:46.000 --> 04:42:54.000
So I think a lot of the dangers that we see an AI really that we will end up thinking that it's way smarter than it really is. as they say here AI is not magic.

04:42:54.000 --> 04:43:07.000
It's not foolproof and it is most certainly not objective, one of my big catchphrases in design is designed deliberately. If you don't design deliberately what you will do is inherently any biases that are in your own rule sets for determining things,

04:43:07.000 --> 04:43:10.000
things like that.

04:43:10.000 --> 04:43:21.000
These will make it into your AI models we see this all the time the facial recognition software with resume screening applications things like this, they develop our own biases very very quickly.

04:43:21.000 --> 04:43:40.000
And like I said yet AI is not an inevitable replacement for human decision making be the sort of human in the loop AI assisted human analysis is a is very much I think we're on the cusp right now completely AI human like supplanted human decision making.

04:43:40.000 --> 04:43:41.000
probably a ways off.

04:43:41.000 --> 04:43:48.000
If it's even possible to, to that extent, um, you know I think Brandon talked about this with the new space age.

04:43:48.000 --> 04:44:06.000
In the 80s we thought that a I was going to basically have completely supplanted us by the 2000s, you know, if even even six years ago, Uber was under the impression that self driving cars were going to replace a lot of their own workforce.

04:44:06.000 --> 04:44:20.000
What we've thought there's been a very big gap between what we thought AI would do for us what we thought it would be capable of and then what it was actually capable of in those times, and I think in the space field especially this really comes back

04:44:20.000 --> 04:44:34.000
to that initial purpose that we talked about, which is mitigating risk in a place where our human responses our human stimuli cannot respond to things in the same way as we could, if they were on the ground, if we watch something on earth, and it blows

04:44:34.000 --> 04:44:45.000
up, we can see things right away if we've lost something into space and it blows up well, you know, there's not a whole lot we can do until we can get up to space and actually see it and I will hand that over to Brandon, just so that you can get into

04:44:45.000 --> 04:44:51.000
a few more examples of how I think this applies to the modern AI space and how we can speak about it more run over to you.

04:44:51.000 --> 04:45:08.000
Awesome, thanks Parker yeah so with, with that in mind of what AI is and what isn't and with the background of how the new space age has developed how important it is and the challenges that we face, we have selected three particular applications for

04:45:08.000 --> 04:45:20.000
artificial intelligence that we believe will be especially important, and they move kind of sequentially in terms of their immediate applicability so the first one which I'm pleased to say something we've actually heard a lot about today.

04:45:20.000 --> 04:45:37.000
From the other presenters is data processing, which I've put into two different categories based upon the, the level of implementation of AI in that action data processing is a huge hugely important topic for the development of the space age I believe

04:45:37.000 --> 04:45:58.000
that the foundation of the new space economy will not be moving objects, you know, moving kilograms from the earth to space, but moving bits, and I think we've seen that so far the companies that are growing the fastest.

04:45:58.000 --> 04:46:13.000
And that I've had some of the most startling success and unexpected success. Early in this new space age have been companies that are doing new and innovative things with remote sensing, so I'm applying AI into the data processing process.

04:46:13.000 --> 04:46:31.000
Can you can do it, a few different ways. If you apply it passively to a satellite meaning that the satellite collects information and you apply artificial intelligence to sort the data to identify points of interest and achieve a higher yield of useful

04:46:31.000 --> 04:46:33.000
data as we call it.

04:46:33.000 --> 04:46:56.000
That is automatically, a really interesting, and cost beneficial application of AI that allows a smart satellite to achieve a much higher scientific or useful yield of data than a non AI powered satellite so that's one immediate application.

04:46:56.000 --> 04:47:08.000
I think one application beyond that that's actually even more exciting is what I call active observation, which is where you have an AI powered targeting system.

04:47:08.000 --> 04:47:29.000
That is not only handling the data as it comes in, but also using those inputs of data to alter the satellites manipulation, what it's looking at how it's moving, what tools is using to conduct this remote sensing mission to achieve an even higher yields

04:47:29.000 --> 04:47:45.000
still have useful data per system or per unit cost so active observation is something that obviously will require different kinds of satellite satellites that are better able to manipulate themselves and have the fuel to do some energy to do so and everything,

04:47:45.000 --> 04:48:06.000
but it's a very interesting application, and that the sum total of all this is that satellites in systems which are conducting either Earth observation or any kind of lunar observation any kind of observation mission, are not only better able to conduct

04:48:06.000 --> 04:48:25.000
the the functions that they are currently used for, but they are also able to now be used for whole new uses that we didn't even think of before one example I like to give is the company Hawkeye 360, which is using AI powered observing systems for uses

04:48:25.000 --> 04:48:42.000
that we have not seen in the past, for instance, looking at oil refineries in the emissions Memorial refineries to determine the speed with which the oil is being processed and be able to trade on oil futures and things like that so whole new uses, it's

04:48:42.000 --> 04:48:54.000
really it really is a brave new world in terms of what you can do with AI powered data processing. I'll move quickly through these next two, because I do have an eye on the time here.

04:48:54.000 --> 04:49:12.000
The second one is a constellation architecture, which we determine, or categorize I guess as the health advocacy and then risk.

04:49:12.000 --> 04:49:27.000
of a constellation, which I was put up a you know these mega constellations of thousands of satellites and sometimes even 10,000 satellites, the attention of having an AI brain kind of at the center of the constellation that has the ability to process

04:49:27.000 --> 04:49:36.000
the data that is coming in, not only from satellites themselves but also from different situation awareness data inputs and what else is going on the space environment.

04:49:36.000 --> 04:49:56.000
It allows the constellation to number one prioritize its health and minimize risk, but also should there be any kind of events that do occur or individual failures of systems within the system of systems, it can allow the system to readjust itself, while

04:49:56.000 --> 04:50:11.000
prioritizing efficacy and optimizing efficacy within the parameters of health and risk as well. So that is something that is really exciting I think, and gives a greater sense of security.

04:50:11.000 --> 04:50:19.000
Not only that your constellation will be safe but also that it will retain its efficacy and be able to weather storms.

04:50:19.000 --> 04:50:31.000
Over time, that I think could be a really interesting application. And then the last one is actually one that we heard talked about in the last presentation, which is facilitating exploration and autonomous exploration.

04:50:31.000 --> 04:50:46.000
This was particularly important because I think if we are to fully develop the space economy that will require developing beyond the parameters of orbital domains that will mean moving beyond low, medium, and high Earth orbit, and even says lunar orbit

04:50:46.000 --> 04:51:01.000
to a different bodies themselves whether it be the Moon, Mars or asteroids comments were at what have you, to secure that potential we wouldn't need exploration and highly efficient and effective exploration that can find data that scientifically useful

04:51:01.000 --> 04:51:19.000
that would allow us whether as scientists, or as citizens administrators or businesses to be able to make responsible decisions about what we will explore what we will what future missions we will send and how we will send them, and where the real opportunity

04:51:19.000 --> 04:51:34.000
is in our solar system so I think that these are three applications that are especially important, and can help us address systematic challenges, developing the spatial domain, in closing here just a couple of considerations that are especially important

04:51:34.000 --> 04:51:53.000
for allowing AI, to have the impact that we would like it to the first one is just the availability of relevant data, and relevant data can encompass a lot of things in particular I think data pertaining to the space environment so space situational awareness

04:51:53.000 --> 04:52:05.000
data is critically important. And it is necessary for allowing AI to make decisions that are in the best interest of a specific constellation.

04:52:05.000 --> 04:52:19.000
This is especially challenging because, as many people are aware and certainly people on this call space data today is still highly siloed often for a good reason but in ways that become increasingly aware of the more you are obvious, the more you dig

04:52:19.000 --> 04:52:31.000
into it. There's not always a good reason for this filing and it's worth prioritizing a way to responsibly, shared data amongst benevolent space actors.

04:52:31.000 --> 04:52:51.000
So that's one consideration. The other is governments and this goes back to a topic that Parker covered, which is the well founded concern about allowing space systems often which are growing in capacity and the numbers to behave autonomously This brings

04:52:51.000 --> 04:53:02.000
up privacy concerns for individuals This brings up safety concerns for the system's themselves and if something disastrous disastrous enough should happen.

04:53:02.000 --> 04:53:16.000
It can bring up safety concerns for folks on the ground and certainly folks in space. So, another thing that should be prioritized is certainly the establishment of certain industry standards, as well as potential regulations and best practices around

04:53:16.000 --> 04:53:29.000
the use of AI in space systems and systems systems, how should we use it. If there are any, um, you know, instances in which a I cannot be used.

04:53:29.000 --> 04:53:49.000
For instance, increasingly invasive remote sensing applications that that certainly is one to consider. But we at least need to start having those conversations and implementing them with the same vigor and efficacy that we have been putting systems up

04:53:49.000 --> 04:54:06.000
in space and kind of going down a path without fully analyzing the potential implications for it. So those are two considerations, in particular, and we wanted to leave you with this conclusion, which is really the gist of our paper, which is that the

04:54:06.000 --> 04:54:24.000
the capacity of AI to improve Space Systems ability to perform their conventional applications as well as entirely new use of space systems, makes AI a,

04:54:24.000 --> 04:54:37.000
a real special technology and gives it the unique potential to disrupt the space of the most exciting chapter in the space story. So on that, I thank you I think the organizer

04:54:37.000 --> 04:54:44.000
for putting together such a terrific conference, I've loved the presentation so far and I'm thrilled to have the opportunity to contribute in some way.

04:54:44.000 --> 04:54:49.000
And if we have any questions or time for questions which I'm not sure we do.

04:54:49.000 --> 04:55:02.000
I would be happy to answer them. If we don't have time I'd be happy to address them in the chat so thank you all so much I appreciate it and looking forward to.

04:55:02.000 --> 04:55:19.000
is not the is not ready yet there yet you know there's a lot of challenges and issues and that's very, very important. And as you see he's been you used you know asteroid, you know, Mars exploration, you know, you know everywhere, and you just heard from

04:55:19.000 --> 04:55:23.000
the, the Astrobotic they're using so it's everywhere so.

04:55:23.000 --> 04:55:38.000
Very good. But why the auto animation is emitted by the standards, actually a double has the standard Committee, which put a very important part has, as it has been, you know, for for the in the in the industry and the benefit of people, so maybe it's

04:55:38.000 --> 04:55:50.000
something you can consider you can help out you know standard committee in Attaboy. They also has the intelligence space. Technical Committee, maybe there's something that can expand from you already have here.

04:55:50.000 --> 04:56:01.000
Yeah, you're right, we're kind of run short so if anybody have any questions please type in the chat or q amp A. So, Parker and the branded will when they still while still here they can type their question.

04:56:01.000 --> 04:56:09.000
Yeah, so thank you so much. There's a wonderful presentation for your paper is Judy amazing so stay in touch.

04:56:09.000 --> 04:56:15.000
So our next speaker, who is also here is.

04:56:15.000 --> 04:56:29.000
This is another exciting, you know, new space activity company, who's a mason space system, along with our speaker is their VP of r amp D, Mr. Matthew cones.

04:56:29.000 --> 04:56:40.000
Our speaker today is Miss ever petty Neto. She is a gardens navigation and the control lead for Mason's XL one lunar lander.

04:56:40.000 --> 04:56:51.000
So upright, is this passion while earning her bachelor's and master's degree from ASU in Astronautical aerospace engineering.

04:56:51.000 --> 04:57:04.000
She was more than 60 years experience as a garden navigation, while GMC engineer as she prepared for the first mission to, to the moon base articles. So, yeah, Let's welcome ever.

04:57:04.000 --> 04:57:06.000
This is all yours.

04:57:06.000 --> 04:57:16.000
All right, thank you so much. Thanks for the introduction. I'm not Oh, I am mastodons GMC lead for the Exelon lunar lander.

04:57:16.000 --> 04:57:29.000
I'm gonna pull up the presentation here.

04:57:29.000 --> 04:57:40.000
Right.

04:57:40.000 --> 04:58:03.000
Okay well someone confirm that you can see the screen with a hexagon a lander and and not the remainder remaining pieces of my screen we can see your main page, and a list of other slide on the left.

04:58:03.000 --> 04:58:15.000
You might need to share, again for the full screen yet.

04:58:15.000 --> 04:58:19.000
How's that, just public. Okay, nice good.

04:58:19.000 --> 04:58:21.000
Excellent.

04:58:21.000 --> 04:58:33.000
All right.

04:58:33.000 --> 04:58:47.000
Okay, well so we have reached an inflection point in the space market. So it is no longer a question of when we will see the next generation of space exploration is happening today, and it is starting with the moon.

04:58:47.000 --> 04:59:02.000
We actually had expect to see 95 missions to the moon in the coming decade. And that's just government funded missions that are planned that doesn't include all of the commercially funded missions that we will undoubtedly see these missions will support

04:59:02.000 --> 04:59:10.000
a variety of different lunar markets, including science and exploration, education, infrastructure support and resource extraction.

04:59:10.000 --> 04:59:17.000
The moon will also serve as a testbed for deep space exploration,

04:59:17.000 --> 04:59:31.000
what is driving this market. So there are a few major factors, from a government standpoint, there are growing interest to achieve sustainable presence in space and advanced science as technology advances and the cost to space decline from a commercial

04:59:31.000 --> 04:59:40.000
standpoint, there's a growing interest to develop infrastructure that can support space exploration and utilize the resources that can be extracted.

04:59:40.000 --> 04:59:55.000
Then there's national security. From that standpoint, there's a growing interest to leverage space for situational awareness and there's also an opportunity to manufacture a large defense systems in space.

04:59:55.000 --> 05:00:12.000
These drivers will create a thriving lunar ecosystem where lunar landings, or comments, we will have refueling stations, that's going to enable us to have Sample Return missions will have established base camps that allow for sustained human presence,

05:00:12.000 --> 05:00:20.000
actually stay on the moon will have autonomous manufacturing and resource extraction equipment to take advantage of the men's resources.

05:00:20.000 --> 05:00:28.000
This is the ecosystem. That is the future that is our future.

05:00:28.000 --> 05:00:31.000
So, how do we make this future reality.

05:00:31.000 --> 05:00:47.000
And within the next five to 10 years. This challenge is to find an appropriate level of risk and agility to accelerate missions and unlock value space, traditionally course the industry has adopted, pretty much a zero risk policy.

05:00:47.000 --> 05:00:59.000
And what this does is it slows down innovation and limits early stage testing a new approach is required that that applies the right mix of agility experience and response.

05:00:59.000 --> 05:01:14.000
So in practice approach requires the use of small operational teams. Smart autonomous systems that will increase speed and reliability. That also requires iterative testing with reasonable technology to quickly iterate and detect failures before it's

05:01:14.000 --> 05:01:16.000
too late.

05:01:16.000 --> 05:01:26.000
This calculated approach is the key to accelerate access and utilization of the moon and beyond.

05:01:26.000 --> 05:01:36.000
That's exactly the approach that we pioneered Atlassian. We are a rocket company that's enabling sustainable access and utilization of the Moon, Mars and beyond.

05:01:36.000 --> 05:01:44.000
We're applying our license agility and rapid iterative approach to accelerate the realization and impact of space ecosystems.

05:01:44.000 --> 05:01:56.000
Ultimately what we aim to do this, unlock the value of space, maximize the industrial, economic, and environmental value for human

05:01:56.000 --> 05:02:13.000
substance foundation actually invest in is a leader in commercial vertical takeoff and vertical landing rocket technology, we pioneered the rapid iterative approach in the new space market by adopting high higher usability and accessibility standards,

05:02:13.000 --> 05:02:30.000
we actually have 17 years of experience, flying reusable rockets, and it's prepared us for future space missions for innovations in terms of in terms of those we have the most successful vertical takeoff critical and landing lights in the industry.

05:02:30.000 --> 05:02:41.000
We launched the first independent testbed to advanced tech readiness for space missions, and now we are even one of four companies selected by NASA to deliver payments to move.

05:02:41.000 --> 05:02:58.000
NASA's vision. This is, this foundation that we have is enabling us to realize a future where lunar landings, are commonplace, the space ecosystem is thriving and humankind is benefiting from the resources across the solar system.

05:02:58.000 --> 05:03:07.000
We do this in several different ways. Essentially, we have our terrestrial testbed lunar delivery and tech development.

05:03:07.000 --> 05:03:16.000
Traditional testbed within this terrestrial test that we test and iterate space technologies aboard our terrestrial landers that reduces risk on Earth.

05:03:16.000 --> 05:03:22.000
Before we end up actually going into space for lunar delivery.

05:03:22.000 --> 05:03:36.000
We are able to provide end to end mission services, including everything from payload integration and testing to winner delivery and operations. So our excellent one, one lander from the GMC lead for is currently in development.

05:03:36.000 --> 05:03:47.000
So we're have our first mission, the lunar South Pole. And we're progressing towards larger landers to for heavier payloads, and even simpler return missions.

05:03:47.000 --> 05:04:02.000
Tech development. We're developing technologies to solve the most pressing space exploration challenges. So for example, we're developing a next gen landing pad technology to minimize lunar dust.

05:04:02.000 --> 05:04:16.000
And we're also building a metal oxide warning system. And that's going to help the lander to survive on your night. So our terrestrial testbed to give you a little bit more context.

05:04:16.000 --> 05:04:27.000
So mastering operates one of the only independent test beds to mature space technology is written reduce risk on Earth, before we fly to space, so we will work directly with commercial customers.

05:04:27.000 --> 05:04:41.000
In addition to companies that go through NASA's flight operations programs. And what we do we actually start, we do a closed loop tether flights. And then we'll go and do our open loop flights.

05:04:41.000 --> 05:04:54.000
And because of this higher usability and accessibility standards, we actually can iterate the technology and retest within 24 hours.

05:04:54.000 --> 05:05:01.000
We've iterated and tested so this is for our entry, descent, and landing testing.

05:05:01.000 --> 05:05:11.000
We have done this for terrain relative navigation hazard avoidance, and actually several different guidance algorithms and systems for dozens of customers.

05:05:11.000 --> 05:05:20.000
So one example is we worked with GPS lander vision system, and a G fold algorithm that we tested on our zombie rocket.

05:05:20.000 --> 05:05:39.000
And this allowed the LDS allowed to zombie to precisely determine its position without requiring GPS, which is very important as we as we leave Earth, and the Jeep old algorithm populated the optimal path to divert zombie to target landing site in real

05:05:39.000 --> 05:05:40.000
time.

05:05:40.000 --> 05:05:49.000
So, this approach actually helped JPL testing technology early in the life cycle, so they could quickly Advanced Technology Readiness for the Mars mission.

05:05:49.000 --> 05:05:55.000
Y'all know about perseverance and the rover, that's now that's known Mars.

05:05:55.000 --> 05:05:59.000
So, and just to give you an idea.

05:05:59.000 --> 05:06:18.000
So here is the landing site, so you can see the Mars perseverance landing site there, and how precise, they were able to be on that landing site, the site in comparison to curiosity, Phoenix and impact.

05:06:18.000 --> 05:06:23.000
So it's actually quite a bit more exact,

05:06:23.000 --> 05:06:36.000
as we also actually do a lot of payload integration, and service interactions and sample collection for dozens of customers, recent example, we did this for honey bee planet back.

05:06:36.000 --> 05:06:52.000
We tested and matured to validate its lunar sample collection capabilities so planet back works by pulling guests into a planetary surface, stirring the soil and rock up into it into a collection chamber and in its simplest form plant back attaches to

05:06:52.000 --> 05:06:57.000
spacecraft lander lake. So the device is ready to work, and soon as the lander touches.

05:06:57.000 --> 05:07:14.000
He works directly with honey bee and NASA to test the sample collection technology again on our Zodiac rocket and advances technology readings, and these tests, helped him to be to get their field sponsored by NASA on the planner in 2023, in addition

05:07:14.000 --> 05:07:24.000
a Martian moons exploration mission with Japan and 24. So learn the delivery.

05:07:24.000 --> 05:07:38.000
We are now applying our traditional flight experience, we're delivering missions, using the same rapid iterative approach with our mission partner, we provide full mission services to transport customer payloads from the Earth to the Moon.

05:07:38.000 --> 05:07:47.000
And that's everything, including payload integration testing 200 delivery, and also surface operations

05:07:47.000 --> 05:08:04.000
Mostyn was selected by NASA liver payloads to the moon under the service programs commercial land lunar payload services initiative so that's clips on the XL one will be put on a translator lunar injection by SpaceX we're working with SpaceX for the launch

05:08:04.000 --> 05:08:05.000
vehicle.

05:08:05.000 --> 05:08:22.000
Once in lunar orbit, we're going to fire me 16 engines and 12 RCS restrooms to slow down and it will honestly descend rosov touching upon landing the excellent will actually operate for more than 12 days so once it hits noon or night.

05:08:22.000 --> 05:08:23.000
I'm not so much anymore but this will be the first of many missions is helping you be writing space ecosystem.

05:08:23.000 --> 05:08:41.000
Not so much anymore but this will be the first of many missions is helping you build a thriving space ecosystem. So a little bit about our landing site. Excellent one is going to land near near the, he was crater of lunar south pole and the South Pole, it's actually in the

05:08:41.000 --> 05:08:58.000
it's actually in the midst of several mountains, and these are called receipts, on the moon and Hayworth crater is adjacent to the mouth frequency and the change in elevation exceeds eight kilometers, right kilometers doesn't seem like a very big value

05:08:58.000 --> 05:09:01.000
when you're talking about horizontal distances.

05:09:01.000 --> 05:09:10.000
But this elevation change is actually very close to the elevation of Earth's Mount Everest above sea level.

05:09:10.000 --> 05:09:21.000
So, this diverse topography offers the potential to explore both near and deeper ice reservoirs of I'm searching for signs of water.

05:09:21.000 --> 05:09:34.000
So, we may actually may find water but we also have the possibility of detecting volatiles like methane, carbon dioxide.

05:09:34.000 --> 05:09:44.000
As the excellent lunar lander draws heritage from essence five terrestrial landers and benefits from five years of collaboration with NASA through the lunar catalysts program.

05:09:44.000 --> 05:09:55.000
So the leaders actually equipped with advanced propulsion system we're also going to have a train relative navigation system to increase landing accuracy and mitigate risks.

05:09:55.000 --> 05:10:03.000
And to date we've manifested at NASA sponsored science and technology payloads to fly on XL one.

05:10:03.000 --> 05:10:19.000
Their purpose is to assess the, the composition of the lunar surface detect volatiles, such as water, methane, carbon dioxide, but also to evaluate radiation to kind of go through and and advanced those two missions that are planned.

05:10:19.000 --> 05:10:30.000
So, these payloads will consume a fraction of the lenders with landers total delivery capability. So we are welcoming additional partners to join master mission one.

05:10:30.000 --> 05:10:39.000
In addition to future missions that will be available at all your site locations.

05:10:39.000 --> 05:10:54.000
And we're also progressing towards larger we're landers to have more payload capacity, but we also are advancing technologies to survive the winter night, I mentioned before, excellent one will be on the moon for 12 days.

05:10:54.000 --> 05:11:08.000
But that does not yet survive the night so we are working towards towards getting those future technologies, and that will actually enable us to have far side lunar missions were the conditions are much much older and also pressure.

05:11:08.000 --> 05:11:23.000
This lunar ecosystem grows with replaced equipment and infrastructures these lenders will be equipped to refuel, and returned to Earth with samples. So lots of future developments happening for the future landers.

05:11:23.000 --> 05:11:31.000
And this is all kind of involved in these technological developments that we have going on.

05:11:31.000 --> 05:11:41.000
So, for example, for surviving the lunar night. So we might last 354 hours.

05:11:41.000 --> 05:11:43.000
So that's that.

05:11:43.000 --> 05:12:02.000
On 15 days just just under 15 days and surface temperatures reach 283 degrees Fahrenheit below zero, and permanently shadowed craters can actually reach negative 382 degrees here.

05:12:02.000 --> 05:12:07.000
So these extreme temperatures will cause lander and rubber systems to fail.

05:12:07.000 --> 05:12:19.000
What we're doing is we're developing a warming system that uses a chemical reaction. So we repeat through the oxidation of various metals like lithium aluminum magnesium.

05:12:19.000 --> 05:12:29.000
And this will enable the landers rovers and payloads to survive the winter night, and operate and permanently shattered.

05:12:29.000 --> 05:12:32.000
Another really big problem landing on the moon.

05:12:32.000 --> 05:12:34.000
We need to mitigate lunar dust.

05:12:34.000 --> 05:12:49.000
High Velocity regolith ejecta your dust caused by robotic and mainlanders major challenge, and this desk can actually damage the lander payments and surrounding infrastructure and equals a hazard to astronauts.

05:12:49.000 --> 05:13:07.000
So to solve this, we're developing flight, aluminum spray technique, fast landing pads that use as a spray to inject feedstock particles into the rocket engine nozzle and put the landing area prior to this unique approach will minimize the harmful dust

05:13:07.000 --> 05:13:18.000
particles and enable more landing locations for complex lunar Martian, and even asteroid missions.

05:13:18.000 --> 05:13:39.000
We're also developing a new additive manufacturing technique that enables cooled engine components, such as injectors to be 3d printed in a single piece, using a wider variety of rocket metals such as aluminum, copper, and.

05:13:39.000 --> 05:13:45.000
Excuse me, such as aluminum. Aluminum copper and canal.

05:13:45.000 --> 05:14:04.000
So this approach enables and vectors to be 3d printed as one part of one part, instead of 100 individual parts that would have to be assembled, so as a result we can actually reduce costs by 60% and reduce production time by 92%.

05:14:04.000 --> 05:14:11.000
So this helps improve the performance and rest of novel engines.

05:14:11.000 --> 05:14:17.000
When you're also.

05:14:17.000 --> 05:14:34.000
You're also using the additive manufacturing techniques to 3d print high power density electric cryogenic pumps on these actually can be used and 5000 pound breast engine propulsion systems and provide superior throttling capabilities over traditional

05:14:34.000 --> 05:14:52.000
to those themselves cycles, these pumps will enable and more affordable propulsion system for smaller launch vehicles and lenders, and they will appoint transparent transparent and refueling for a sample return mission at the moon and Mars.

05:14:52.000 --> 05:15:10.000
So, you are welcome to come fly with us. If you have a payload that you would like to have fly on an excellent or lenders, I definitely let us know and we have as see tons of technological advancements that we are working towards.

05:15:10.000 --> 05:15:25.000
So I will go ahead and close this through and see what questions.

05:15:25.000 --> 05:15:32.000
Oh great presentation yeah that's wonderful yeah Mason is just amazing. You know, doing you know one.

05:15:32.000 --> 05:15:45.000
I'm various, you know, you know, happy to see you're developing this task prevention system, you know, also the eyes are you this are really pioneering and the leading industry is fantastic.

05:15:45.000 --> 05:15:51.000
What really people need. I was actually about to ask you about the test and you mentioned it.

05:15:51.000 --> 05:15:54.000
Everyone,

05:15:54.000 --> 05:16:02.000
This is just amazing. Well just while we're waiting, folks, you're welcome to type your question QA, or click raise hand to ask question.

05:16:02.000 --> 05:16:19.000
But as people always ask you have a quickly. Why the XL one is the first look from Columbia your, there's a discussion, it looks like a fly it's going to be the first to go to the moon is any specific reason for that.

05:16:19.000 --> 05:16:32.000
So, excellent one is going to be maisons first winner delivery I don't believe that we are going to be the first one. As part of the clip so I mean i mean Mason's first you're right based on first.

05:16:32.000 --> 05:16:33.000
Yes.

05:16:33.000 --> 05:16:41.000
This is your question Why is it the first yeah why why have Mason pick a cell one as the priority is.

05:16:41.000 --> 05:16:44.000
Is there any specific reason.

05:16:44.000 --> 05:17:04.000
So, we're actually designing XL one to be able to to hold all of the different payloads. That, that have requested a ride through the NASA program. So we're actually developing it and, and innovating, with the XL one lander, but we're pulling on a lot

05:17:04.000 --> 05:17:22.000
of our terrestrial landers, and all of the technology, technological advancements that that have been been done with those landers, so we are pretty, pretty good at landing, but it'll be the first time that we live.

05:17:22.000 --> 05:17:35.000
Yeah yeah this is going to be our time important as I said you know earlier we have this space architecture, advanced and the space accurate has been designed, all kinds of beautiful, you know, save happy tears you know basis or those kinds of theme,

05:17:35.000 --> 05:17:48.000
but, you know, you cannot do anything, you cannot deliver to the surface or you cannot help. That is not going to be anything useful especially, they are talking about is are you but how do you do it and how to deliver those things, you know, it's going

05:17:48.000 --> 05:17:52.000
to be critical but Mr can provide that time.

05:17:52.000 --> 05:18:07.000
So I have more question, but I think there's a question in the q amp a box. I'm not sure exactly what the mean but I think he was talking about but take a look, I think he was referring to your rocket engine, or maybe yours for the plasma spray.

05:18:07.000 --> 05:18:13.000
Actually, I'm going to go ahead and let Matt take that Matt has done quite a bit.

05:18:13.000 --> 05:18:23.000
Quite a bit for for the for me Am and some of that work. Matt Do you, do you know what you use for the class and spray.

05:18:23.000 --> 05:18:31.000
Yeah, so I think this question is only about the fast landing pads that we're working on through the NASA Niantic program.

05:18:31.000 --> 05:18:49.000
And right now we're using a luminous ceramic articles for for that spray process so they get heated up in the engine and then blast it out, or lunar surface where they'll create a landing, and as you Lynn.

05:18:49.000 --> 05:19:02.000
Yeah. Very good point because you can see a lot of, you know, that's why I know we can't come see you know why we're doing all those space architecture work was based in our company because I'm personally haven't seen a lot of, you know, space in Susie

05:19:02.000 --> 05:19:16.000
as they are posting some pictures that the, the landing pad was right next to their habitat, you know, but there's a very interesting question you know this is going to vary has it has it landing you know as managers and the above mentioned so you need

05:19:16.000 --> 05:19:25.000
you need to design something safe. You know, there are a lot of chemical poison hazardous issue, does it need to be safe.

05:19:25.000 --> 05:19:29.000
Or so I think as I said there's another question.

05:19:29.000 --> 05:19:33.000
Then you will be Steve, yeah.

05:19:33.000 --> 05:19:41.000
I'm shamelessly leading into my presentation decks, so I have to apologize for that but I wanted to ask you about the system you use for power.

05:19:41.000 --> 05:19:49.000
Your as you're talking about chemical power to heat the thing up but it's on the far side of the Moon, and you're talking about solar panels to to power that thing.

05:19:49.000 --> 05:19:59.000
And when it's on the dark side of the moon of course that doesn't work either. And you have a rover that that operates I assume that's all through electrical battery power is that right.

05:19:59.000 --> 05:20:16.000
I'm going to go ahead and let Matt take this one we probably have a little bit more I've been very focused on the excellent lander specifically map Do you know yeah let me take a crack at this I think if you're asking me about the mouse technology the

05:20:16.000 --> 05:20:35.000
metal oxide warming system, and one of them but you also power your rover and you power your systems in your lander as well. And I'm like you're around 100 kilowatt or 100 100 watt to a, maybe a kilowatt, at most, power.

05:20:35.000 --> 05:20:46.000
And I'm just wondering how the solar matches with the batteries matches with the the heater system to give you the power you need for the whole time you're up there.

05:20:46.000 --> 05:20:59.000
I will, I don't think we've released any specific numbers on powering the extra one vehicle, but I will say it is of course complex systems and put them all and UPS design problem.

05:20:59.000 --> 05:21:07.000
I cannot speak to the rover that's actually Astrobotic, feel free to chime in and talk about that if you would like.

05:21:07.000 --> 05:21:09.000
No, that's fine. I was just curious.

05:21:09.000 --> 05:21:11.000
Yeah.

05:21:11.000 --> 05:21:24.000
Actually this is not ready to sing us another new design power newly designed to heat the you know the lender that that's actually over that night, do the nice very important, and they can probably get, you know, figure out why Stephens, asking this because

05:21:24.000 --> 05:21:28.000
he's next hole he's going to talk going to talk about nuclear power.

05:21:28.000 --> 05:21:36.000
So I think maybe you know Mason can consider, you know, thinking about nuclear power, you know, some some.

05:21:36.000 --> 05:22:05.000
I think we would love to have in our tg or something on board so we live indefinitely on the surface but kind of expensive and can be be hard to get as far as least as far as I'm aware so yeah yeah and and the thing but I think Steve, Steve is probably

05:22:05.000 --> 05:22:22.000
They also need that other power so I think the the power is not just the RTT is maybe it's a power unit that sufficient to support, you know, you know that maybe charging for for the lander rover or you know both for the operation.

05:22:22.000 --> 05:22:30.000
But here's the next speaker, how, if you stay there longer you can see what he's going to say, I will I will be listening with rapt attention.

05:22:30.000 --> 05:22:35.000
Wonderful, wonderful. Yeah. Well, I appreciate the spoiler alert.

05:22:35.000 --> 05:22:45.000
Yeah, this is fantastic you know that you guys do a wonderful job in the new space is vibrant and me so so we'll stay in touch. you know this is fantastic.

05:22:45.000 --> 05:22:54.000
and really appreciate so come back again and that helped us out you a wonderful progress. So thank you everybody thank you Matt is fantastic.

05:22:54.000 --> 05:23:02.000
Excellent, thank you so much for having us is our great pleasure pleasure, wonderful presentation.

05:23:02.000 --> 05:23:07.000
Alright, so our next speaker is here, Mr. Steven Curtis.

05:23:07.000 --> 05:23:28.000
He has a very diverse and a very excellent background, everything you need for her space exploration, especially in regards, or power systems is the former president of house music society and American nuclear society that are maybe more titles, but,

05:23:28.000 --> 05:23:42.000
He has 30 years his 30 years resident of Nevada, he was and it was a close association with this to the spent nuclear fuel issue and the 50 year career was Doe, Nevada.

05:23:42.000 --> 05:23:50.000
He attended his first, you come out and meeting in 1981 and has been associated with the project academically and educationally overseas.

05:23:50.000 --> 05:24:00.000
As a student employee, Mr Curtis was employed as a whole body radiation counter or people at the Environmental Protection Agency campus and then receive neighbor that you will be.

05:24:00.000 --> 05:24:18.000
He began his tenure at DODTOE on the brother as a project and Operations Officer for the Soviet verification program. After the testing program and he was recruited into nuclear emergency response where he served as the nuclear technical team leader for

05:24:18.000 --> 05:24:29.000
nuclear emergency support team, and their radio logical consequence management teams associated with the federal radiation no radio logical management and assessment.

05:24:29.000 --> 05:24:32.000
Emergency Management.

05:24:32.000 --> 05:24:36.000
Intro agency nuclear response posture.

05:24:36.000 --> 05:24:46.000
He can currently serve as program manager in such program as a nest research and development. The nonprofit liberation experiment.

05:24:46.000 --> 05:25:03.000
Well basically he also had worked on the counterterrorism ever and also the DTRA and omega, several important thing related to the Soviet testing tunnels.

05:25:03.000 --> 05:25:08.000
Mr Curtis also sir impose the active duty army.

05:25:08.000 --> 05:25:23.000
Under the Nevada national car or a combined 11 years as an armor officer, and the strategic communication expert. He was responsible responsible for all army communications strategic strategic testing.

05:25:23.000 --> 05:25:27.000
Throughout the European and the Middle East, major commands.

05:25:27.000 --> 05:25:44.000
His technical experience includes a rotation at the National Training Center as an armor company commander, and the several years as staff officer, and the company commander in the one to 21st armor battalion in Las Vegas.

05:25:44.000 --> 05:26:02.000
After the party the deal he, he was engaged in development and integration work at you nlb and the desert. Research Institute d-ri in areas of national security as proposal manager he led successful team in Nevada to secure the FAA designation as the

05:26:02.000 --> 05:26:20.000
FAA national UAS test site. He currently works as a subject matter expert expert and the senior consultant to readiness resource group in areas of training exercise, counterterrorism local responder Emergency Management nuclear technology and health physics,

05:26:20.000 --> 05:26:35.000
he was, he has served as president of the narrative section of both house music so Saudi, and the American nuclear society, and is currently working under small grant from American nuclear so Saudi operations and power the region to develop and conduct

05:26:35.000 --> 05:26:55.000
education seminars in sit and their other work for the public and the for government officials, he hosts BSE, and a master degree in house physics, both from you and Lv, and he has been active in STEM activities for schools as 27 year volunteer coordinator

05:26:55.000 --> 05:27:00.000
for high school science ball co founder of the Skype our challenge.

05:27:00.000 --> 05:27:16.000
Engineering base competition for students in 3d robotics us and the consistent speaker in crop County School District classrooms to engage student to find their passions will continue education so this really fantastic I love those in.

05:27:16.000 --> 05:27:21.000
Steve can work that together with us and as he has been with those records chapter.

05:27:21.000 --> 05:27:36.000
So, without further ado let's welcome Mr. Steven Curtis.

05:27:36.000 --> 05:27:48.000
Oh, you're muted Stephen you have committed.

05:27:48.000 --> 05:27:52.000
Right, Let's try to share my screen. Go ahead.

05:27:52.000 --> 05:28:01.000
Okay, let's bring this up.

05:28:01.000 --> 05:28:09.000
See if I can get a slideshow on air.

05:28:09.000 --> 05:28:12.000
Okay.

05:28:12.000 --> 05:28:28.000
I hope you guys can hear me and I'm, I'm stepping through this, I just want to give you an overview of spacebar, I'll tell you I'm not a space engineer or a space scientists at all but I was very very it as a child very very into the space programs watch

05:28:28.000 --> 05:28:43.000
the mercury fights and all that stuff. But my background is in health physics as you know and nuclear engineering and science so I want to talk a little bit about nuclear power on earth because this is very misunderstood by most people.

05:28:43.000 --> 05:28:52.000
And part of my focus right now is to try to get this better understood by people because nuclear power, really has some advantages that we can use.

05:28:52.000 --> 05:29:03.000
It is a it has actually has the best industrial safety record of any power producing technology. Many people will seem to be worried about nuclear technology but it has the best industrial safety record.

05:29:03.000 --> 05:29:20.000
It produces 20% of all power the United States and 50% 55% of all clean energy in the United States. Okay next new nuclear generation plants. Next Generation plants are 100% protected from meltdowns because they're intrinsically safe tonight.

05:29:20.000 --> 05:29:23.000
In other words, you can walk away from them. they will not.

05:29:23.000 --> 05:29:25.000
They will not meltdown.

05:29:25.000 --> 05:29:35.000
There's, there exists fast reactor designs. This is my program I'm focusing on right now, they can use the existing stockpile of reactor use feel.

05:29:35.000 --> 05:29:48.000
And there's enough of this used fuel around to power the US for 100% plane for 20 years 100% clean energy. So, I want I want them to start moving in that direction.

05:29:48.000 --> 05:29:53.000
And there's no more compact source of power in us today,

05:29:53.000 --> 05:30:08.000
which is why it's good for space power. And so we'll talk about that a little bit. And I just want everybody to know that we're way falling behind that technological and economical advantages of nuclear behind other countries like Russia, China, India,

05:30:08.000 --> 05:30:10.000
even South Korea.

05:30:10.000 --> 05:30:27.000
Okay, so we heard all about power systems day and what, but what's amazing to me is that the power systems they talk about, they talk about them as already being there, that's not part of the risk assessment when they're going to space, we talked about

05:30:27.000 --> 05:30:42.000
all kinds of navigational things and space radiation and all the problems that they seem to anticipate, But power was not one of those so that's a tribute to the history of all these people in the space program have designed energy systems, and I want

05:30:42.000 --> 05:30:55.000
to keep that in mind when we're talking about this and there's several different kinds. We talked about the RTD is a little, a little earlier and they're basically work on the fact that plutonium to 38 K's with an 83 year half life.

05:30:55.000 --> 05:31:08.000
And that decay causes he knows up to about a 600 degrees Fahrenheit. And the RTG that you're talking about, and they extract that energy through a thermal couple and they produce on the level of hundreds of watts.

05:31:08.000 --> 05:31:19.000
And that's all of these are two G's depend on the half life of the radioisotope, but the total to 38.

05:31:19.000 --> 05:31:32.000
As an 80 year old half life so it's essentially from space mission so far essentially last forever they were still talking to Voyager before they turned the antenna often went into an interstellar space.

05:31:32.000 --> 05:31:48.000
So, the other part is fishing reactions so as you know fishing heats things very very quickly. There's a lot of energy released when you put fishing products in and where there's there's designs like I said that can actually work as the field inside the

05:31:48.000 --> 05:32:05.000
cooling liquid, and their liquid salts. So there's two types of reactors basically the slow neutrons which are the Light Water Reactors we use today. They use water to slow the neutrons and react with predominantly you to 35 isotope of uranium.

05:32:05.000 --> 05:32:20.000
And then there's fascinated trying to reactors that work on things like thorium. And we can actually vision, other aspects of the uranium, and some of the higher elements that are formed in lightweight reactors, which is where you get the the great advantage

05:32:20.000 --> 05:32:22.000
of recycling the US nuclear fuel.

05:32:22.000 --> 05:32:37.000
So, again fishing reactors split atoms, and they can produce every time you split an atom you get about 50 million times more energy than you do if you burn coal Adam.

05:32:37.000 --> 05:32:46.000
It's a hugely vintage hugely dense system. And so there's a lot of advantage to using those in the space system.

05:32:46.000 --> 05:32:53.000
Okay, so we know that solar is not good for deep space and it's not good for anywhere you can't see the sun.

05:32:53.000 --> 05:33:03.000
And so the our systems developed in the in the system the early days, that called the, the systems for nuclear power snaps.

05:33:03.000 --> 05:33:07.000
And there's snap numbers snap one through I think there's one up to 50.

05:33:07.000 --> 05:33:22.000
And they're all so that's the two types of the snap systems where they were radio thermal electric generators we just talked about, okay, and the Russians even have one that's using polonium 210 which is 147 day life.

05:33:22.000 --> 05:33:39.000
They're also experiments with some fishing products strontium 90 and cesium 137, and serve 242 is a transatlantic element that comes from taken out of the reactor waste, and that it's 147 days for polonium 210.

05:33:39.000 --> 05:33:48.000
So that's actually more efficient than the 238 because it's sort of half life, but it doesn't last as long. Still for going to the moon and power and systems that seems to work.

05:33:48.000 --> 05:33:59.000
Okay, So there's only been one reactor launched on United States mission and that snap 10. The rest of them have all been RT Geez.

05:33:59.000 --> 05:34:10.000
Now there is one called snap 50 that's actually a fast reactor, and we'll talk about that later but that's all experimental right now.

05:34:10.000 --> 05:34:23.000
This is the nuclear rocket development system on that was, was done out here in Nevada on the Nevada Test Site in the early 60s 60 1961 to 66 they ran that that program.

05:34:23.000 --> 05:34:38.000
And it is a propulsion system not running power on the spaceship itself, but propulsive into into space and it, it truly was an application that couldn't work, it actually couldn't work.

05:34:38.000 --> 05:34:54.000
And they had two huge hot cells out here. One is destroyed one still there, the med facility is still there but they're going to want to destroy that as well which I don't like because it's hugely useful but they move on.

05:34:54.000 --> 05:35:05.000
So it's. This is actually a system that works best for going from the moon to Mars or beyond. It really does have applications where the propulsion system works best out there.

05:35:05.000 --> 05:35:21.000
It wasn't really great for moving systems from the earth to space, it could work. And there are applications that can work. And there's a very good description of it on that YouTube video I won't show it to you but you can look at it if you want.

05:35:21.000 --> 05:35:23.000
And it's pretty it's pretty interesting.

05:35:23.000 --> 05:35:25.000
Here are.

05:35:25.000 --> 05:35:26.000
Oh, I didn't change up my title on that okay here's some.

05:35:26.000 --> 05:35:42.000
I didn't change out my title on that okay here's some, some reactors that they've used in the past and you can see the pictures of them on the ref so we talked about wattage and Kf applications of how much power you need to run the actual space systems

05:35:42.000 --> 05:35:58.000
you need on the order of hundreds of watts. Not megawatts, or kilowatts or megawatts. And so those are fine for running systems that are not going to be forever systems not running forever, and they work well now on missions that are out in space now

05:35:58.000 --> 05:36:10.000
especially deep space missions where you can't get the solar applications. And again, the Russians use that polonium 210 system on a couple of their lunar missions and they're still up there.

05:36:10.000 --> 05:36:29.000
The Rt Geez, is what you were talking about before the PU to 38 radioisotope that lasts last a very long time. And here we see the bottom there's a little design of the snap 50 fast reactor something I did not know about until I did my research for this

05:36:29.000 --> 05:36:41.000
very very interesting and you can see that approaches, five megawatts that would be a power source that could supply a space colony with sufficient power for actually people being out there.

05:36:41.000 --> 05:36:47.000
And that's something you're going to have to think of in the future if you're going to put people up there you're going to need a lot more power.

05:36:47.000 --> 05:36:49.000
And so here's where some of them.

05:36:49.000 --> 05:37:04.000
The Power Systems reuse origin one into like I talked about they use something called a mega hundred watt power source. And that was still operating told him to 38 was still operating.

05:37:04.000 --> 05:37:16.000
Like I said when Voyager when it interstellar space they were still getting messages from it and basically just turned the antenna off because it wasn't sending any data worth knowing.

05:37:16.000 --> 05:37:31.000
So there's teller space, but it's still working, which is amazing new horizons. That was a different design of an RPG, and then Viking wanting to pioneer wanting to use step 19 which is very, very effective.

05:37:31.000 --> 05:37:44.000
Much less power. So it just operate the system was on the, on the explorers and the computers, but a lot less way. So we all know that weight is a big issue and trying to put things into space.

05:37:44.000 --> 05:37:46.000
Okay.

05:37:46.000 --> 05:37:50.000
Soviet Union and Russia, kind of the same thing when I think about them.

05:37:50.000 --> 05:37:53.000
They usually most of us vision reactors.

05:37:53.000 --> 05:38:10.000
We talked about the polonium 210 issue on the Lakota you've probably heard of plutonium, or polonium 210 as the as the one that killed the spy when they, they, they gave him some and his food, but it's also a decay product case with alpha and heats up

05:38:10.000 --> 05:38:21.000
the material that it's in. And so, can provide a thermal couple and provide energy, and they've also use plutonium today, there's a very, very good reference down there for.

05:38:21.000 --> 05:38:27.000
If you want to look, there's lots of others, these are just examples of ones I've found.

05:38:27.000 --> 05:38:32.000
So what are we going to do in the future. Where are we going with this in the future. Okay.

05:38:32.000 --> 05:38:50.000
Now, the thing with vision power is, it is heavy. Okay, and so we don't need any more weight when we're trying to launch things into space. And so, as dense as the power sources with it it's also heavy but guess what, chemical proponents are heavy and

05:38:50.000 --> 05:39:07.000
and any other idea that we think batteries are heavy, so you get away those design perspectives as you're looking at this. And so what I'm trying to get you to do is think of nuclear not as dangerous and expensive although plutonium 38 is expensive.

05:39:07.000 --> 05:39:19.000
But like anything else if we mass produced it or come way down in price, we can make all the plutonium to 38 we want to because we got stockpiles and at 2237 and all you do is launch neutrons into and you can make petroleum to 38.

05:39:19.000 --> 05:39:29.000
We just don't do it. And we've counted on the, on the Soviet Union and rushed and make all our petroleum 3238 for many decades and now we're, we're running low on it.

05:39:29.000 --> 05:39:42.000
And we're going to have to start making our own which we are, but it's just a matter of when you talk to space business, what aspect of it are you getting need to do how much power you going to need, and you're not going to do everything with solar and

05:39:42.000 --> 05:39:55.000
solar and chemical propellants when you start putting people up there so these are thought processes. You want to go through and nuclear provides a very, very advantageous advantages way to do it.

05:39:55.000 --> 05:40:10.000
So, we talked about fusion we're not quite there on capturing energy with fusion. But the nice thing about fusion is done with light materials. So fusion you're fusing hydrogen so it's the lightest element.

05:40:10.000 --> 05:40:23.000
The trick with that is you need high high high energy systems to fuse it and plasma systems and they're working on that now there's some companies that claim they can have working reactor in 10 years but.

05:40:23.000 --> 05:40:28.000
Excuse me, I don't think you'll, you'll see that for at least three decades, or maybe more.

05:40:28.000 --> 05:40:40.000
But that would be ideal for space if you can decide how to contain fusion reactors a space of very light material, Bruce is even more power density than vision.

05:40:40.000 --> 05:40:54.000
We also are talking about this space based solar, where you buy you just put up a huge array of of solar panels. And you can radiate power with microwaves and that works well.

05:40:54.000 --> 05:41:11.000
Although they still haven't quite decided how to do it. radiated to the earth I think it's possible in the future but they're not there yet. So if you did launch a bunch of solar panels into space they work for a long time I think probably by Daniel have

05:41:11.000 --> 05:41:25.000
a longer life on solar panels the panel life for solar is about 20 to 25 years right now. But I think that would be expanded in that period of time. So you might be able to put something up for 50 or 60 years and just relay energy down to earth and a

05:41:25.000 --> 05:41:43.000
a lot of scientists think that's, that is a pop as possible. China's going to develop a space, solar power station called omega, and they are way down that road and they are way advanced on the system and so again this is another thing we need to maybe

05:41:43.000 --> 05:41:46.000
think about stepping up our game.

05:41:46.000 --> 05:42:03.000
So what we said that nuclear rockets like the nerve a rocket, maybe not make sense to launch payloads to space right now, although they can, and a large factor and that is people are so afraid of nuclear that they, they just politically have, have not

05:42:03.000 --> 05:42:05.000
advanced that system.

05:42:05.000 --> 05:42:19.000
But when you're looking at going from the moon to Mars, it makes a whole lot of sense, because you get a lot a lot of thrust off of that that that engine, and basically how a nuclear rocket engine is it heats up hydrogen.

05:42:19.000 --> 05:42:30.000
So you have a supply of hydrogen, and you send it through the reactor well the nice thing about hydrogen is it, it moderates neutrons. So, when you don't have much hydrogen in there.

05:42:30.000 --> 05:42:42.000
There's little power coming from the reactor but as you flow hydrogen through, you get the hydrogen heated up from the propulsion for the heat, and the proportion and the earliest principle.

05:42:42.000 --> 05:42:47.000
But you also mitigate you also slow down your neutrons.

05:42:47.000 --> 05:42:56.000
You moderate your neutrons and so that means you get more power of the engine so the more hydrogen you slow flow through it, the more the power will ramp up.

05:42:56.000 --> 05:43:13.000
And then, of course, you get more thrust from that. So that's a very simple idea of how the engine works in Iraq, it works. And so there's there actually is research going on at that rocket program stopped on the test site, a lot of the money went out

05:43:13.000 --> 05:43:24.000
of it. But there are people that are looking at it now and DARPA has, has some money putting into it with General Atomics developing a rocket called Draco.

05:43:24.000 --> 05:43:30.000
Okay, now they're going to use high as a low enriched uranium.

05:43:30.000 --> 05:43:37.000
So, the uranium use lightwater reactor is about three or 4% and rich.

05:43:37.000 --> 05:43:50.000
If you get above 20% and rich they call it high enriched uranium, and we don't use that for anything except reactors that Naval Reactors user reactors we can defend we don't put that on the commercial market because of the proliferation efforts.

05:43:50.000 --> 05:44:02.000
So, there are going to be commercial reactors with with enrichment, up to 19.99% can't be over 20 so by definitely not gonna be over 20.

05:44:02.000 --> 05:44:20.000
And this Draco rocket is one of those developing I know Halo exists right now but there's a company that's negotiating with the government now to produce them so that that looks that rocket looks very promising for launching into, into from Earth to space.

05:44:20.000 --> 05:44:29.000
Okay, so this is a very very quick overview and I was really really hoping you guys would ask me a lot of questions on this, because like I said I'm not the.

05:44:29.000 --> 05:44:45.000
I will mention one more that I forgot to put in there and that's called the crusty Kru sky, which is a killer power fusion reactor developed down at Los Alamos and they, they actually tested at the test site NASA's putting a lot of money into this one

05:44:45.000 --> 05:45:02.000
wouldn't be wonder, as wouldn't be one that would work as a rocket it would be working as one that would supply power to a to a base or to a lander. And that's now not hundred watt not hundreds of launches into the kilowatt range.

05:45:02.000 --> 05:45:06.000
And so they're, they're NASA is looking very very favorably at that.

05:45:06.000 --> 05:45:14.000
So you guys who, you know, don't really routinely think of nuclear power as a space space tower option.

05:45:14.000 --> 05:45:30.000
I think you bought it, ask me some questions. Okay, there's a huge amount of of potential in this in this whole technology. And I think that's the way it's going to go I think you're going to see a lot more nuclear power on earth, because there's about

05:45:30.000 --> 05:45:45.000
30, or more companies now privately capitalized, that are developing next generation reactors you just don't hear about it all the time, but that's the way things are going, and there are again a lot of advantages to nuclear power they're very very compact.

05:45:45.000 --> 05:45:59.000
They're not spread over, square miles, like solar panels and wind windmills are so there, it's something our society needs to look at in the future so I think you're going to see more nuclear power on earth as people become more comfortable with it.

05:45:59.000 --> 05:46:00.000
Learn more about it.

05:46:00.000 --> 05:46:08.000
And as politicians start moving in what I believe is sensible direction is the.

05:46:08.000 --> 05:46:21.000
It's like I said you need to educate the public there's a lot of misinformation out there I hope you guys asked me a lot of questions because probably what you understand about nuclear is probably not all you can understand about nuclear, and I'd like

05:46:21.000 --> 05:46:33.000
to clear that some of that if I can, and we all worry about the US nuclear fuel which you guys call nuclear waste, which can actually use that as fuel for next generation reactors.

05:46:33.000 --> 05:46:49.000
That's what I'm trying to inculcate now because you can get clean energy equivalent to the current uses United States for 250 years if you do that. But again, people are afraid of nuclear and it's not a real popular idea right now.

05:46:49.000 --> 05:47:00.000
The issue now is that there's so much of a skewed toward renewables, and so many subsidies for renewables that their pricing baseload power out of, out of business.

05:47:00.000 --> 05:47:12.000
So, coal, natural gas, and nuclear energy is the base load power that you need to have on all the time. There's complications with solar. The and only when the sun shines.

05:47:12.000 --> 05:47:30.000
Only the entire when the wind blows, so there's other renewables to that that include burning wood burning garbage and burning biofuels which are polluting types of energy but they're, they're classified as renewables eligible for subsidies and nuclear

05:47:30.000 --> 05:47:36.000
is not a real problem right now and it's actually kind of kind of causing the free market to shrink up.

05:47:36.000 --> 05:47:51.000
And we all know when when the when the free market is artificially skewed that customers for that product. Do not come out well. And so, if you understand that the, the energy business in America is more than a trillion dollars a year.

05:47:51.000 --> 05:47:53.000
That's a huge, huge business.

05:47:53.000 --> 05:48:05.000
So how that business gets divvied up in the futures is something that we should all be concerned with will say that the national grid system is in a situation now where it could.

05:48:05.000 --> 05:48:13.000
It could fail. There's cyber threats against it all the time. There is a

05:48:13.000 --> 05:48:32.000
cyber security is it is a is a terrorist threat as is something called electromagnetic pulse EMP. There's actually weapons they can develop and explode that can cause enough electromagnetic pulse on the system that it blows out all the Transformers The

05:48:32.000 --> 05:48:35.000
United States we don't have power for months on end.

05:48:35.000 --> 05:48:44.000
So there is these threats exists with the national system and my. I'm advocating for Earth power to be micro grids powered by next generation reactors.

05:48:44.000 --> 05:48:57.000
Again, very radical on the GALILEO of nuclear power now they're really, I'm not finding a lot of friends and the existing energy business but such as it is, it's much better for people.

05:48:57.000 --> 05:49:11.000
So space declares viable and it has a long history in it, and I will stress again, that you guys when you talk about your systems do not talk about energy and power as an issue as a risk factor because they've done their job so well that you count on

05:49:11.000 --> 05:49:23.000
these existing systems to be to be there for you, it doesn't. I haven't heard anybody today talk about any space system that they talked about having energy and power as a risk.

05:49:23.000 --> 05:49:34.000
There's lots of other issues they talked about but they always say that the energy will be there and so it's a real tribute for people that work in this in the past where sliders better and heavier, so you.

05:49:34.000 --> 05:49:40.000
If you ever develop fusion that would be a great advantage over overfishing.

05:49:40.000 --> 05:49:42.000
If you use water cooler.

05:49:42.000 --> 05:49:52.000
That could be problematic maybe the moon Scott water but Mars probably doesn't have water if it does, doesn't have enough and water to haul around expensive.

05:49:52.000 --> 05:50:02.000
So any kind of system that uses something else besides water as a, as a heat transfer system that's whether using thermal couples in our two G's.

05:50:02.000 --> 05:50:10.000
And so the long term view of power looks to be something akin to fusion power on earth.

05:50:10.000 --> 05:50:19.000
And there's a lot of people talking about these large solar arrays floating in space and geosynchronous orbit microwaving power down to the earth but I won't live to see that and.

05:50:19.000 --> 05:50:25.000
And I think it's going to be half a century way before the end of that.

05:50:25.000 --> 05:50:28.000
So

05:50:28.000 --> 05:50:32.000
I think that's what I have. I will show you some of my references.

05:50:32.000 --> 05:50:49.000
This is a very good book space nuclear power I found this one for $9 at a book sale but they're selling for about $120 on the, on the market and there, that that book was published in 1985 has everything you want to know and every detail that you probably

05:50:49.000 --> 05:50:51.000
can understand.

05:50:51.000 --> 05:50:55.000
Of the, the systems I talked about today. There's a NASA document out.

05:50:55.000 --> 05:51:08.000
That one there and then the lights nuclear power advanced space exploration is actually a publication that's very very good on this stuff and there's a reference for space space power.

05:51:08.000 --> 05:51:13.000
So I am ready to turn it over and take questions.

05:51:13.000 --> 05:51:16.000
Did anybody hear any of this.

05:51:16.000 --> 05:51:22.000
This is wonderful. Of course, I think, Joseph, Joseph has been waiting I think he has.

05:51:22.000 --> 05:51:24.000
He has chosen Go ahead, go ahead.

05:51:24.000 --> 05:51:26.000
Hello, Stephen.

05:51:26.000 --> 05:51:32.000
Thank you very much. I think it would be useful for the audience to understand.

05:51:32.000 --> 05:51:43.000
There are two different types of of nuclear systems using either. My set top isotopes, or fishing, right now.

05:51:43.000 --> 05:51:51.000
In the future, perhaps plasma fusion devices. Also there's a difference between power and propulsion.

05:51:51.000 --> 05:52:09.000
granularization, but in all cases, nuclear systems are basically just providing a heat source, correct, which is then utilized through either Static Energy Conversion technologies, or dynamic energy conversion technologies to produce electricity that

05:52:09.000 --> 05:52:16.000
electricity can be used and electric propulsion systems or nuclear electric propulsion.

05:52:16.000 --> 05:52:20.000
In the fiction side.

05:52:20.000 --> 05:52:29.000
You mentioned kilo kilo power was kind of a, a fusion system test that was done in Nevada in 2018.

05:52:29.000 --> 05:52:36.000
And it probably will not survive through what's going on today.

05:52:36.000 --> 05:52:44.000
But it contract will soon be let or efficient surface power design and development.

05:52:44.000 --> 05:52:50.000
And what's needed is. I think they're going to start with a 10 kilowatt electric system.

05:52:50.000 --> 05:52:59.000
Very likely will use dynamic energy conversion on the surface of the moon, and that system could potentially use water.

05:52:59.000 --> 05:53:11.000
Now you mentioned water as being a bad actor but it is not a bad actor, it's just it's just a question of what regime of temperatures are available on the moon.

05:53:11.000 --> 05:53:25.000
You also have one sixth gravity, which is advantageous from natural circulation cooling standpoint, for any shutdowns or accidental issues that might occur.

05:53:25.000 --> 05:53:31.000
The real focus today has been on nuclear thermal propulsion.

05:53:31.000 --> 05:53:50.000
And that is, that was looked at back in the late 50s 60s, and into the early 70s under the rover nerve appropriate by NASA and the Department of Energy, and 23 reactors work tested in air, water, a jackass flats.

05:53:50.000 --> 05:53:51.000
During that period.

05:53:51.000 --> 05:53:54.000
And we learned that it is feasible.

05:53:54.000 --> 05:54:04.000
It that program guide however because there was no follow on to Apollo, to go back to Mars. The intention was to go to Mars.

05:54:04.000 --> 05:54:22.000
But during that era of the early 70s we had an oil embargo, there were all kinds of things happening geopolitically and Apollo died, and we retrenched if you will spend our dollars on cleaning up the legacies of the past.

05:54:22.000 --> 05:54:31.000
As it turns out, today, there is a need, by NASA, they want to go back to Mars.

05:54:31.000 --> 05:54:45.000
And the reason that you want to use nuclear thermal this because it provides high thrust, but also high efficiency in terms of specific specific impulse twice.

05:54:45.000 --> 05:54:51.000
Twice the specific impulse of liquid hydrogen and oxygen systems.

05:54:51.000 --> 05:55:13.000
And that means that you can get there faster and get back faster, which is critical because being in zero G has detrimental effects to the astronauts, and also said subjects down to very, very high energy charged particles that make up the lactic cosmic

05:55:13.000 --> 05:55:27.000
radiation. Correct. And, and you've got to do things faster. Either that or you've got to carry along a lot of passive shielding weight, which as you know and you mentioned, NASA's king in space.

05:55:27.000 --> 05:55:40.000
Okay, Great. So I just wanted to bring those to your attention. Also, it was never intended that nuclear thermal propulsion would be used for launching from the ground.

05:55:40.000 --> 05:55:51.000
There were some wild analyses that was done back in the 60s and 70s, but no one in his right mind would do that. I mean we're building up fishing products.

05:55:51.000 --> 05:55:55.000
As soon as you turn this thing on and develop an operator that power.

05:55:55.000 --> 05:56:07.000
And so everything that's being pursued now on nuclear thermal and nuclear electric propulsion is basically in space propulsion, or high velocity transport.

05:56:07.000 --> 05:56:10.000
Okay, because that's important from a safety standpoint.

05:56:10.000 --> 05:56:24.000
Otherwise, you know, we'll have people shooting at us, and eventually killing those programs. So from a safety standpoint, you have fresh fuel. At launch, you don't turn them on until you're in space and a nuclear shape.

05:56:24.000 --> 05:56:26.000
We're orbiter trajectory.

05:56:26.000 --> 05:56:36.000
And, excuse me, you, you also design them so that for any overpower or under cooling events.

05:56:36.000 --> 05:56:52.000
You don't have a disruption of the core loss of mission, and a potential for radioactive stuff coming back within the Earth's atmosphere and the entry of a hot reactor back into your SAP is fear is unacceptable and the Russians did that actually the Soviet

05:56:52.000 --> 05:57:04.000
Union back in 1978. We had a re entry of Cosmos 954 into northern Canada. Fortunately it was in a non populated area.

05:57:04.000 --> 05:57:10.000
Okay, thanks guys great great great summary I appreciate that.

05:57:10.000 --> 05:57:22.000
I agree with all of that, I think that there's a there's a perception of people in the United States, and maybe throughout the world that are way over afraid of nuclear.

05:57:22.000 --> 05:57:33.000
And like I said, I'm happy to talk to anybody and answer any questions about that but radiation is not nearly as dangerous as they lead you to believe in, and the media.

05:57:33.000 --> 05:57:49.000
And there are very safe ways to handle nuclear, and that Cosmos reactor was it and they did search for that they search for that and Canada was part of what the teams I was associated with it although that was before I got there, they went up to Canada

05:57:49.000 --> 05:58:03.000
for months and they finally found every piece of it, which was no easy task in the middle of winter. So yeah, there's a, there's risk and everything but we got to put risk in perspective with benefit and I think you're going to see nuclear with a huge

05:58:03.000 --> 05:58:07.000
benefit in space power across if I might add.

05:58:07.000 --> 05:58:16.000
The difference between launching radio is the talking system systems and vision systems is quite different.

05:58:16.000 --> 05:58:23.000
You need efficient system, you have uranium, to 35, to some extent, whatever the enrichment is.

05:58:23.000 --> 05:58:46.000
And, and bringing to 38, either with oxygen oxides carbohydrate nitride oxy carbide, for example, with a with a isotopic system you have a, you have a, an inventory of radioactive material that has a relatively short half life of sodium to 3822 38 as

05:58:46.000 --> 05:58:57.000
a half life of 87 and a half years, cranium to 35 and to 38 are tend to the seventh intended the eight years. Half Life. Career not very radioactive.

05:58:57.000 --> 05:59:09.000
Okay, they are they do present in relation issue. If you can vaporize such that those small particles can be healed into the deep long.

05:59:09.000 --> 05:59:12.000
And the same is true with isotopic systems.

05:59:12.000 --> 05:59:19.000
So for isotopic systems what you have to prevent is the release of that material into the vice.

05:59:19.000 --> 05:59:36.000
And that's why they're designed very robustly with multiple containers for efficient systems you want to ensure that if you have a launch accident or re entry accident that you do not have an inverted criticality that could produce efficient product inventory

05:59:36.000 --> 05:59:41.000
and produce a direct shine to anyone or anything that happens to be around.

05:59:41.000 --> 05:59:47.000
And that will contain which actually that Cosmos want to bother me at all.

05:59:47.000 --> 06:00:04.000
vision systems do not require containment what they require is ensuring that you do not have a criticality. And that can be done with fast spectrum systems, by having spectral shift absorbers, they normally operate on a fast spectrum.

06:00:04.000 --> 06:00:16.000
But if you happen to dump them in water wet sand or propellants, which normally would give you a positive reactivity insertion. That could create a criticality.

06:00:16.000 --> 06:00:26.000
Having know spectral shift absorbers built into the core, do not affect you during normal operations but provide that measure of shut down margin.

06:00:26.000 --> 06:00:35.000
If you have an accident that involves a positive reactivity and search internalizes, the neutrons.

06:00:35.000 --> 06:00:45.000
Do you wanna you want to stop the neutrons from fishing you want to absorb the neutrons that's the idea. And so, yeah, there's plenty of safety systems that can do that.

06:00:45.000 --> 06:00:48.000
And that's pretty well understood. So, you're right.

06:00:48.000 --> 06:01:02.000
I haven't heard anybody talking about launch into space lately. But this Draco system they're talking about that DARPA's developing with General Atomics I got to look further into that space also Stephen, is it.

06:01:02.000 --> 06:01:05.000
Yeah, it's totally an in space system.

06:01:05.000 --> 06:01:05.000
Okay.

06:01:05.000 --> 06:01:07.000
Okay.

06:01:07.000 --> 06:01:14.000
You still have to get it out to space though so, but there's there are risks and I'm all my point is that they're probably worth taking.

06:01:14.000 --> 06:01:22.000
I mean, we might have an accident, we're going to prevent damage from that acts as much as we can. And we're pretty good at that.

06:01:22.000 --> 06:01:35.000
But if you don't, if you're so afraid of that you don't you don't even look at the benefits, then you're really selling yourself short and I think that's what people think of when they think of nuclear today.

06:01:35.000 --> 06:01:47.000
They don't think of the benefits they think of the risk way out ways the benefits and they. It's just a matter of it's a document that's been signed it's called the National

06:01:47.000 --> 06:01:52.000
NSP am 20. It was issued in August of 2019.

06:01:52.000 --> 06:02:12.000
And that document, which is a presidential directive requires that for launch of a vision power system or propulsion system into space that the probability of the inadvertent criticality, regardless of the consequences must be less than 10 to the minus

06:02:12.000 --> 06:02:23.000
six. Yeah, okay. Now, we know that basically you can have a launch accident with a probability on the order of 10 or minus two.

06:02:23.000 --> 06:02:34.000
So what that means is the conditional probability of having a, an inverted criticality given an accident has to be limited to 10 to the minus four or less.

06:02:34.000 --> 06:02:37.000
Okay. And that can be achieved. Sure.

06:02:37.000 --> 06:02:49.000
We got a question that asked about using spending refueling space I doubt that we're ever going to move spent nuclear fuel into space. So what I was talking more as a system that would work here on the earth.

06:02:49.000 --> 06:03:05.000
But if you do have any other reactor besides a fast reactor would will produce what we call nuclear waste, and some of the, even the advanced reactors now do like water system that will produce more waste.

06:03:05.000 --> 06:03:16.000
All I'm saying is we should probably think about using that waste beneficially instead of burying it, and it's been 40 years since the government's trying to do it and they still haven't figured it out yet.

06:03:16.000 --> 06:03:25.000
So, my, my opinion is turn it over to private industry and let them, let them do what they were going to do 50 years ago, before the government decided they'd get in the business.

06:03:25.000 --> 06:03:35.000
And so, but I'm just saying that, but no they don't think they're going to take spent fuel into space. Although, if they do use reactors in space, they'll have spent fuel out there.

06:03:35.000 --> 06:03:49.000
And it might eventually be a point where they could use those fast reactors. To do that, but they take processing and, and some designs are pretty are pretty efficient and pretty slick at that and we've had prototypes that have done that.

06:03:49.000 --> 06:04:08.000
So it's not far fetched spent nuclear fuel is a misnomer. It's really should be called slightly use nuclear fuel widely used in Fairfield exactly only, only three to 4% of the fissionable material is actually burned.

06:04:08.000 --> 06:04:21.000
and no one I don't think I know of anyone who was a proponent of launching spent or slow use nuclear fuel into space because it contains fishing products.

06:04:21.000 --> 06:04:28.000
Now it's not you're not going to do that. And you're not going to do that, but it makes sense to do it here on earth.

06:04:28.000 --> 06:04:42.000
And we're essentially if you consider all the, all the, what they call the tailings from enriching uranium, they only use 1% of the possible energy in uranium.

06:04:42.000 --> 06:04:58.000
So there's there's 100 times more energy sitting in the like you call it slightly use nuclear fuel, which is actually a much better name for it, then, then, then we have, then we could we use in the original lightwater reactors, which is now supplying

06:04:58.000 --> 06:05:09.000
20% of our power in the United States, and people want to get rid of it it's just unconscionable to me but but I'll Stephen Have you have you checked, looked into molten salt yesterday.

06:05:09.000 --> 06:05:21.000
Absolutely. Okay, well, they are ideal. Yep, for the utilization of slightly use nuclear camp I call that liquid fuel, you just dissolve it in the salt and it produces power.

06:05:21.000 --> 06:05:27.000
And you can tolerate deficient products for a long time because it's fast reactor it's a really elegant solution.

06:05:27.000 --> 06:05:29.000
Absolutely.

06:05:29.000 --> 06:05:33.000
So, any other questions so.

06:05:33.000 --> 06:05:35.000
Yes, thank you, Stephen.

06:05:35.000 --> 06:05:41.000
Oh, thank you, thank you, Joe state state Stay with us.

06:05:41.000 --> 06:05:45.000
Santos, I think. Yes, excellent presentation.

06:05:45.000 --> 06:05:55.000
I'm a big fan of nuclear power, of course, since the days of the Nautilus thanks to

06:05:55.000 --> 06:06:08.000
cover and of course, President Jimmy Carter who has done a naval officer one of the first nuclear engineers under. We have a nuclear Navy now, or nuclear submarines, a bio class ballistic have put en la and Virginia and sea wolf class attacks submarines,

06:06:08.000 --> 06:06:25.000
of course are nuclear powered aircraft carriers Nimitz and Ford, a CBS are all powered so the Navy is done very well with nuclear power phrase safely.

06:06:25.000 --> 06:06:42.000
be 36 nuclear power test projects. If what happens with the thing comes back down to the earth in a range safety issues, because we put on a rocket. You know, so that's what I want to ask you about how are those mitigated.

06:06:42.000 --> 06:06:53.000
Because that's, I think, is where the public would be concerned with all the great benefits of nuclear power dress really putting it a loft until it exits, our atmosphere and or orbit.

06:06:53.000 --> 06:07:01.000
There is a little bit of apprehension there because things can do go wrong and when they do go wrong, oftentimes they'll come crashing back to the earth.

06:07:01.000 --> 06:07:03.000
Right.

06:07:03.000 --> 06:07:10.000
I think for our applications at least until it gets into space I think we can contain the reactor.

06:07:10.000 --> 06:07:23.000
No matter what happens to it and that's the key. So it doesn't it doesn't disintegrate space and it's not so much chunks of radioactivity it's, it's the, the dust that might be taken into the lungs.

06:07:23.000 --> 06:07:38.000
And, of course, the more that gets diluted the less of a problem, it becomes. But you're right the public is just so afraid of and I remember when we were launching RTG out a Cocoa Beach our teams and go down there.

06:07:38.000 --> 06:07:55.000
Great duty, we could sit down the beach for for two weeks, waiting to chase radiation signals from RTG that might have blown up but but that they never did so, you know, it's, they're well aware of that issue, and they're well aware of the public perception.

06:07:55.000 --> 06:08:06.000
but my, my, my way to combat that is to try to get more education to the public. They just very greatly misunderstand.

06:08:06.000 --> 06:08:21.000
Nuclear Power nuclear and more precisely the danger of radioactivity. Sure, I didn't the big issue isn't so much nuclear power itself and then people who are proponents and support nuclear power are just concerned about having to go off.

06:08:21.000 --> 06:08:30.000
If he ends up crashing back down that's the big issue I mean there's a fire with regularly and on ships in summer and so forth. That's really the way that we're doing concerns because the unknown there.

06:08:30.000 --> 06:08:40.000
Well, now they're attacking reactors and they're shutting them down before the end of their life and it's only because of political and business reasons and I think that's a travesty.

06:08:40.000 --> 06:08:55.000
So, if my approach is to try to get people to understand it better, which is a big job. And I'll need a lot of help and then the other part of it is if we can, can, if all we need to do is convince one governor to say I will accept the use nuclear fuel

06:08:55.000 --> 06:09:08.000
the slightly use nuclear fuel into my state, and they can call their shots like a there's a $45 billion fund in Congress to do nothing but take care of this spent nuclear fuel problem.

06:09:08.000 --> 06:09:17.000
And it's if you're a nuclear engineer, this is the simplest part of the entire nuclear power system is the back end, we call it the back end.

06:09:17.000 --> 06:09:22.000
And that's, it's immensely immensely technologically simple compared to the rest of it.

06:09:22.000 --> 06:09:36.000
So it's a little kind of embarrassing for people like me who are nuclear engineers that we haven't solved that, but much of that is political stuff which I will say nuclear engineers are probably not very good at dealing with anyway.

06:09:36.000 --> 06:09:53.000
So how do you deal with that as as a nation and as a population is a real big issue. Coming up, but I see nuclear coming back I don't see wind and solar being the solution.

06:09:53.000 --> 06:09:57.000
If they were not subsidized now they wouldn't they wouldn't even be considered.

06:09:57.000 --> 06:10:11.000
And as power sources and it's it's such a low density power source and it's ludicrous to try to use it as a baseload power source it just never work. You can talk about batteries, but even if they do figure out the battery situation, they'll be twice

06:10:11.000 --> 06:10:21.000
as expensive. So right now either put a battery system in or you build another fossil fuel plant you'd probably natural gas, but in Germany they're building coal plants.

06:10:21.000 --> 06:10:38.000
So every time you put a solar or wind farm and you got to build another power plant to take care of the energy deficit when you don't have wind blowing or sun shining and, and there's no other solution to that, and that's what's happening right now.

06:10:38.000 --> 06:10:49.000
And, and I'd be glad to talk to anybody for as long as they can listen about that. I see I have Santos has a question looks like so go ahead Santos.

06:10:49.000 --> 06:10:51.000
You have a hand raised.

06:10:51.000 --> 06:10:58.000
Yeah, sorry about that I forgot to say no worries. Thank you for the answer appreciate that.

06:10:58.000 --> 06:11:05.000
Oh you had an answer you already got your answer okay yeah I just want to say thank you. Sorry for the hand down, so welcome the zoom thing.

06:11:05.000 --> 06:11:11.000
Okay, well if you guys don't have any questions I'm going to talk about some more stuff. I do have a question.

06:11:11.000 --> 06:11:28.000
Go ahead. Go ahead, because you know recently there are two news I want to hear your, you know, by saying that be one this one is the mic appeal case terror power that you use on CNBC, the next generation of power system and the other one is Fukushima

06:11:28.000 --> 06:11:42.000
releasing the, the wastewater into the ocean, which caused a lot of eyebrows, you know these days. As you know, as you say, you know, the three miles Chernobyl Fukushima really cause a, then he had the public reputation you know for for nuclear power

06:11:42.000 --> 06:11:50.000
Then he had a public reputation you know for for nuclear power so how do you think how do you rescue in how do you change the public views.

06:11:50.000 --> 06:12:01.000
I mean, can we take the terror power thing first, there is a very elegant design that that Bill Gates has put together with a sodium sodium cold system.

06:12:01.000 --> 06:12:12.000
And I'll tell you right now why people use sodium, it's, it's dangerous to use among air because its power fork and then you can use it in our gun system but it's very easy to use.

06:12:12.000 --> 06:12:19.000
The advantages, it has very high specific key, which means you can hold it for a long long time it can deliver heat when you need it.

06:12:19.000 --> 06:12:36.000
And it also as a low pressure works at atmospheric pressure water has to be very very high pressure to produce the steam needed at the volume you need it, and the pressure is a is a huge issue with light water power plants will well managed over the years,

06:12:36.000 --> 06:12:42.000
but still, it's something to deal with so that's the two advantage of sodium and now.

06:12:42.000 --> 06:13:01.000
Tara power has designed their sodium system to add an extra an extra heat sink, so that you can use existing solar and wind to provide heat and heat up the sodium as sort of a battery storage system for for making reactors work with wind and solar that's

06:13:01.000 --> 06:13:08.000
already existing. So that's the terror power is a very elegant design and it's.

06:13:08.000 --> 06:13:11.000
He hasn't got that approved yet there's only one.

06:13:11.000 --> 06:13:24.000
Next Generation reactor approved right now and another one being approved but I think you'll see that the system for approving and will will simplify quite a bit in the future and we'll start seeing some more come out in the next five to six years, that

06:13:24.000 --> 06:13:38.000
can actually sell in fact, the market for him right now is overseas, all Poland and Hungary and all the, all the Balkan states are all buying reactors they want to go 100% nuclear, and they want to do it was small modular reactor.

06:13:38.000 --> 06:14:02.000
So, the first ones that can come and give it to them are going to be the winners in the market and do scale is the name of the company that that is produced the only approved small modular action there over there talking to those guys, but rushes do in

06:14:02.000 --> 06:14:22.000
And I could talk for weeks on this but I want the deal with Fukushima was that they had a tsunami and and a tidal wave that killed a 19,000 people, nobody died from the reactor accident, and in fact the reactor accident that sitting there is very well

06:14:22.000 --> 06:14:35.000
contained. I don't know when they're going to take it out of there but it's not causing any trouble anybody their problem was cooling that that reactor because they stopped the visions instantly, like it was designed to do.

06:14:35.000 --> 06:14:49.000
But without water cooling it, you have the decay heat coming off of it. And that is enough to melt the fuel itself which is what actually happened. So right now they're in a very safe situation and Fukushima.

06:14:49.000 --> 06:15:03.000
And this, the release of radiation which actually was the big fear for people there was maybe on the order of 100 times background, and that is not going to cause it's not something that you'd want to try to do every day but you're not going to cause

06:15:03.000 --> 06:15:14.000
these people as much problem as they think it does, they evacuated an ICU unit because of that radiation and killed 1600 people because they put him in a high school gym.

06:15:14.000 --> 06:15:26.000
There's people over there that are advising their kids not to have babies, because they think the radiation is so bad, it's just that perception that is so, so devastating to them.

06:15:26.000 --> 06:15:39.000
Now the tritium in the water is. Let me explain that tritium is an isotope of hydrogen, it's it's it's as as as one proton and neutron so it's called hydrogen three H three.

06:15:39.000 --> 06:15:57.000
So that becomes regular chemical hydrogen so it attaches itself as one of the hydrogen water, so it's not like something dissolved in the water that we have to try to get out all the dissolve particular it's not water out and way below drinking water

06:15:57.000 --> 06:15:57.000
standards in fact the water with the Treaty of it is below drinking water stand.

06:15:57.000 --> 06:16:10.000
in fact the water with the tritium in it is below drinking water stand. But people are afraid of the tritium tritium has a very very low energy beta particle that stopped, very quickly, when it's in the body.

06:16:10.000 --> 06:16:17.000
It takes a lot a lot of tritium to really be a health issue to people but when they hear about if they're worried about it.

06:16:17.000 --> 06:16:19.000
Now they dumped that in the ocean.

06:16:19.000 --> 06:16:25.000
The ocean as almost an infinite sink for delusion.

06:16:25.000 --> 06:16:35.000
Okay so this this tritium is going to go in the ocean get diluted a million times to one before it ends up in anybody else, ends up anywhere where somebody would worry about it.

06:16:35.000 --> 06:16:50.000
So it's really, really not an issue to do with their consider and do it in fact I would encourage they do that, and was kind of surprised they they saved up all the billions of gallons they did now.

06:16:50.000 --> 06:17:05.000
So, really, as I can tell you as a health physicist that I would not worry about one bit about that and I know you know you heard when this happened, which was 10 years ago just in March, 10 years ago, people were predicting that there'd be huge radioactive

06:17:05.000 --> 06:17:08.000
particles on the on the west coast of the United States.

06:17:08.000 --> 06:17:12.000
And I know that you and Lv when that happened they ran a.

06:17:12.000 --> 06:17:31.000
They ran a high end high volume air sampler for 24 hours to capture and and and they didn't capture enough particulates to see to just barely see that they could see it, they could understand it was there at levels that we're not actually dangerous at

06:17:31.000 --> 06:17:46.000
all so they were way below any, any kind of danger level. And I think they're handling the situation and in Fukushima just fine but we got to press right now that's that's picking out the bad stuff and telling everybody and just I'll tell you, be careful

06:17:46.000 --> 06:18:01.000
what you listen to in the press things I know about that they here in the press are are vastly overstated. And for what reason, I don't know and I'm not going to speculate but they're not there they're sensationalizing things that really don't need to

06:18:01.000 --> 06:18:03.000
be sensationalized my thing.

06:18:03.000 --> 06:18:09.000
So just remember it's part of water trilliums in the water to hydrogen this part of water.

06:18:09.000 --> 06:18:23.000
You need a lot a lot of trading because you trouble and then there's none of that's going to make itself, way back in. It's not like if I dissolve cesium strontium into the water and then it in fish got strong swimmer cesium in them, because water is

06:18:23.000 --> 06:18:33.000
You have water in your body you fish have water everybody's uses water. So when the when they inculcated in their bodies are going to have it so diluted, it's going to just act like other water and it's not going to be a problem.

06:18:33.000 --> 06:18:42.000
so go ahead ask the next question. Yeah, I'm gonna say and this is very exciting and the world, stay in touch you work on this topic view saying so.

06:18:42.000 --> 06:18:49.000
But But I think, as I said, there has a question. Sure, are they, Alexander.

06:18:49.000 --> 06:18:50.000
Go ahead.

06:18:50.000 --> 06:18:52.000
You can unmute yourself.

06:18:52.000 --> 06:18:55.000
Yeah, he raised hand, you know, so see.

06:18:55.000 --> 06:18:58.000
Okay.

06:18:58.000 --> 06:19:05.000
Well I mean he did he write it down or, I think it's

06:19:05.000 --> 06:19:14.000
always, my mom how we should put radioactive waste in this space.

06:19:14.000 --> 06:19:16.000
reactors.

06:19:16.000 --> 06:19:28.000
Well we talked about a little bit since it's it's a dangerous situation but in space it's, it's a lot. It's a lot of weight, even though it's very compact, and it just doesn't make any sense to do that.

06:19:28.000 --> 06:19:32.000
We can handle it very easily down here.

06:19:32.000 --> 06:19:40.000
Did, like I said, when you hear about it. You've heard a lot of information on it that's sensationalized.

06:19:40.000 --> 06:19:50.000
The situation is really well in hand and where it's stored now is very safe it's just because the government accepted it and that has no place to put it.

06:19:50.000 --> 06:19:56.000
It's expensive for taxpayers to keep it there because the government has to pay the reactor utilities to keep it there.

06:19:56.000 --> 06:20:11.000
But this tragedy is that they're saying that they need to close reactors before the end of their time. And that's totally, totally wrong in my opinion and I don't see any other reason to do it that because somebody's trying to make points with the population.

06:20:11.000 --> 06:20:20.000
And it's it to me morally wrong to do that. We got to keep reactors going as long as they can. Some of them are approved to go up to eight years.

06:20:20.000 --> 06:20:29.000
So they originally the original life is 40 years they got extended to six years. And there's four or five of them that are now approved to go to 80 years.

06:20:29.000 --> 06:20:46.000
It's a huge, huge source of power that's very very cheap once you pay off the reactor, which they do after 30 years now you got 50 years of power that you care this almost, that's, that's relatively free it's very very cheap.

06:20:46.000 --> 06:20:57.000
And most people don't know that the amount of that the fuel in a reactor is only 4% of the cost of operating reactor.

06:20:57.000 --> 06:21:09.000
So you get gas and you get cold of the fuel costs is 80% of the cost of operating reactor so over time. You're really saving money using using nuclear fuel.

06:21:09.000 --> 06:21:18.000
And I can tell you that the Three Mile Island accent that everybody worries about was a perfect example, kind of like Fukushima was of power.

06:21:18.000 --> 06:21:23.000
Nuclear power accident can happen, but nobody gets hurt.

06:21:23.000 --> 06:21:33.000
So that's like safety in a car you want to have a car wreck you don't care if the car gets or, but you want the people to be okay. So they try for safety efforts on that and cars all the time.

06:21:33.000 --> 06:21:48.000
Same thing with reactors and Three Mile Island was a perfect example that forgot way overblown and Jimmy Carter ran down there and he knew better, Jimmy Carter knew better because he was a nuclear engineer and and he was the one that said we can't reprocess.

06:21:48.000 --> 06:22:00.000
So there's a lot of politics involved in all of this and I would just say people. Be careful. Get the facts because if it goes the wrong way you get very disadvantaged as a public and that's what I'm trying to prevent.

06:22:00.000 --> 06:22:05.000
Yeah, exactly. Very important. I think says has a question says Go ahead.

06:22:05.000 --> 06:22:07.000
Yeah, Hi Mr Curtis.

06:22:07.000 --> 06:22:16.000
You may have spoken about this a little bit earlier. Well you've sort of been touching on it but as far as nuclear on the earth versus nuclear in space.

06:22:16.000 --> 06:22:32.000
So, do you think it's necessary for it to become popular popularized in normalized in everyday culture on Earth, before its utilization will be possible in space, or do you think that nuclear in space, well maybe pave the way for increased acceptance

06:22:32.000 --> 06:22:41.000
of it on Earth. That's a great question and I'll try to answer that, with some examples.

06:22:41.000 --> 06:22:57.000
We talked about the nuclear Navy nuclear Navy operates 500 reactors, all over this to us all the time. Okay, and nobody in the public cares one little bit about, although that's the same technology is being used in the lightwater reactor.

06:22:57.000 --> 06:23:14.000
So, the military now is investing in small modular reactors, they're going to create what they call micro grids with each base, and they're going to develop reactors that can go out in the field and supply power, at least seven years, some of them up

06:23:14.000 --> 06:23:25.000
to 30 years without being revealed, so huge advantage to the military because now they cut down on their convoy requirements, and they then that's where everybody's dying now is in the convoys not in the, the front lines.

06:23:25.000 --> 06:23:31.000
So the military is looking at that I think they're going to lead the public into small modular actors over time.

06:23:31.000 --> 06:23:35.000
But the space, I think is much like the Navy.

06:23:35.000 --> 06:23:46.000
The NASA has a great reputation I don't think people ask a lot of questions about what NASA does are worried about the safety of what NASA does as much as they do the commercial reactor side of it.

06:23:46.000 --> 06:24:02.000
So, if, if NASA decides that a reactor is important to have. I don't think the public will will will worry about that as much as they do unless somebody comes out and tells them that NASA I mean the media could element as is wrong and they don't know

06:24:02.000 --> 06:24:19.000
what they're doing and maybe the people will believe it but they haven't so far, and they haven't said that about the Navy so I think the reputation of the military and NASA is has overcome the, the perception of the public, much better than the commercial

06:24:19.000 --> 06:24:20.000
side of it.

06:24:20.000 --> 06:24:32.000
And like I said I think much of it is political because people that don't like it won't even debate it, which is suspicious to me that answer your question.

06:24:32.000 --> 06:24:34.000
Yeah.

06:24:34.000 --> 06:24:39.000
Gosh, I'm almost out of time I guess you guys.

06:24:39.000 --> 06:24:42.000
I'll talk about it but there's probably more to do.

06:24:42.000 --> 06:24:53.000
I know there's much more so Stephen, please stay in touch you know we can get to our next time you know, happy to come back next time. Okay, great great stay more from you.

06:24:53.000 --> 06:24:57.000
Fantastic. So after this exciting presentation.

06:24:57.000 --> 06:25:03.000
Yeah, great. Yeah, this. Thank you. Apple is a very exciting presentation we actually have two more.

06:25:03.000 --> 06:25:16.000
Two more one is a very exciting, or the next one on the call is going to talk this exciting thing involving young professional. And then we have another Mars fried VR is, I'll try exciting, so we'll have more fun.

06:25:16.000 --> 06:25:26.000
So, to see next speaker. So Nicole is here. So, Miss Nicole Chase is the

06:25:26.000 --> 06:25:31.000
two she work in the Mayo Clinic, as a normal pathology data analysis.

06:25:31.000 --> 06:25:40.000
She is also a director of a project as EDS USA. And she's also an emergency room medical scribe.

06:25:40.000 --> 06:25:45.000
She has a great passion you know for for space project.

06:25:45.000 --> 06:25:47.000
I think he or she.

06:25:47.000 --> 06:26:12.000
I think she means that, you know, from graduate from the Bowling Green State University, and actually science in neuroscience and about you know in geography in May 2013, and also was a graduate certificate in GIS and Portland State University in 2016

06:26:12.000 --> 06:26:23.000
research wise you know you're interested in the intersection of space and medicine. We're also very interested in this, we have space medicine event, all the way, which is very important.

06:26:23.000 --> 06:26:33.000
You know, intersections space Emily said, along with the importance of diversity and inclusion within both space and medicine, of course, very, very, very good.

06:26:33.000 --> 06:26:35.000
So they have.

06:26:35.000 --> 06:26:40.000
You have expert aspiration to attend a post.

06:26:40.000 --> 06:26:47.000
So as a best of programs soon in order to prepare to attend medical school.

06:26:47.000 --> 06:27:03.000
Also, one of the three recipients of the patty grace Smith fellowship that was awarded in January 2020 tangible conquest nation, so that was a load because you about us today so I was a little bit confused but, you know, but this is wonderful.

06:27:03.000 --> 06:27:10.000
Very good resume. So without further ado let's welcome the CO for this wonderful presentation.

06:27:10.000 --> 06:27:31.000
All right, I'm gonna go ahead and share my screen.

06:27:31.000 --> 06:27:40.000
Yeah, for some reason you are your face so so are you using the burning feature of the filter.

06:27:40.000 --> 06:27:45.000
Oh, I don't think so. I might just be my connection my internet connection.

06:27:45.000 --> 06:27:48.000
I think it's already volatile right now.

06:27:48.000 --> 06:27:49.000
Go ahead.

06:27:49.000 --> 06:28:01.000
All right. Um, So thanks again for the introduction. I will be talking to you about the importance of the young professional voices in within the space in industry.

06:28:01.000 --> 06:28:03.000
So agenda.

06:28:03.000 --> 06:28:06.000
What it says, What is SJC.

06:28:06.000 --> 06:28:14.000
And then, based upon the survey that the survey went out last year, I presented this research a couple other times.

06:28:14.000 --> 06:28:25.000
So I haven't broken down to the demographic related results from the survey the non demographic results from the survey further considerations based upon the results of the survey, and then questions for people to ponder.

06:28:25.000 --> 06:28:35.000
So, what is said says is students for the exploration and development of space, like the introduction mentioned, I am the director of projects for says USA.

06:28:35.000 --> 06:28:38.000
It was founded 40 years ago.

06:28:38.000 --> 06:28:56.000
It consists of high school undergraduate and graduate students from all over the world. I'm part of said USA, and from the national organization but there's this it's Canada there's a UK says there's a sense, India sets Tokyo, a sense of Brazil, like,

06:28:56.000 --> 06:29:08.000
says in says in many different countries. And within those countries. Each country has its own set of chapters high school or collegiate related chapters that I'll feed up into the national level.

06:29:08.000 --> 06:29:27.000
So, said you as a mission in particular, is to have our students have our have our student members, be empowered to make an impact on space exploration to develop technical leadership skills based upon the projects that we offer and based upon opportunities

06:29:27.000 --> 06:29:36.000
that we offer to enable us to enable students to attend space conferences, whether they be industry conferences like satellite ascend.

06:29:36.000 --> 06:29:52.000
You know, etc, or space vision, or the space fusion forum or our flagship conference was a space vision, which is held at a university every single year this upcoming year it'll or this year it will be at Rice University they are scheduled for it to be

06:29:52.000 --> 06:29:58.000
in person, by the way, that could be changed, but it is scheduled to be in person.

06:29:58.000 --> 06:30:13.000
And also to encourage students to enter their careers, whether they be going into the industry and academia and the government with, you know, with with as much preparation as needed in order to ensure that they are successful.

06:30:13.000 --> 06:30:21.000
So sec, SEC is a space generation Advisory Council. This is a global organization.

06:30:21.000 --> 06:30:35.000
It was founded as a result of United Nations Conference. Think of SJC is kind of like an offshoot of the UN, it isn't but think of it as that, in that it's a because it is a global space organization.

06:30:35.000 --> 06:30:51.000
It's made up of people from all over the world every single country every single region of the country of the world rather has its own like delegates that they meet and a couple of times on a couple times a month to kind of give updates and stuff like

06:30:51.000 --> 06:31:02.000
that. There's almost like it's very organized, I was a part of it for a couple of years as one of the scholarship chairs, and I'm kind of tangentially involved in it right now.

06:31:02.000 --> 06:31:13.000
And their mission as well as says mission are very similar in nature, but there's is, like I mentioned, there's on a much more global certain level.

06:31:13.000 --> 06:31:16.000
So the importance of both.

06:31:16.000 --> 06:31:32.000
Just to honestly, you can I'm not going to read it to you, but you guys can all obviously read, but the importance of both is to essentially give students who are interested, or give students young professionals who are interested in space, whether it

06:31:32.000 --> 06:31:48.000
be just from like I'm an English major, but I really like watching rocket launches all the way up to. I'm an engineering student and I really want to work at Space company x or space company why and how can I get my foot in the door service situation,

06:31:48.000 --> 06:31:54.000
both organizations cater to both individuals as well as everywhere in between those two extremes.

06:31:54.000 --> 06:32:08.000
And as such, this was looking at these two organizations was really pivotal for my research because I was really curious to see other people who are going to take the survey how many of them were actually.

06:32:08.000 --> 06:32:13.000
How many of them had either heard of or were part of said, or SJC.

06:32:13.000 --> 06:32:26.000
So demographic results from the survey. So in total there was 105 people who attended the survey, as you'll find out that every single person on every single one of those hundred five people completed the survey, but that's something I need to take in

06:32:26.000 --> 06:32:28.000
to consideration.

06:32:28.000 --> 06:32:40.000
90 99% of the people, 99 people selected they were between the ages of 18 to 35. Like I indicated this age ranges us because this is the age range of active sec members.

06:32:40.000 --> 06:32:56.000
I recognize it that you know goes anywhere from, you know, senior in high school all the way through, you know, post bachelor and graduate and PhD level sort of people however I looked at that because as a major demographic of SJC and be as a major demographic

06:32:56.000 --> 06:33:13.000
that's us just in like regular ordinary just in just in regular reporting. I was really interested to find out that there were other people who weren't in it, were significantly older than 35, and between 60 and 70 years of age, which is really cool.

06:33:13.000 --> 06:33:30.000
So the bulk of the people who, who attended this who answered this question identified as a student and identified student as high school through, you know, doctoral student, just any if you're in some sort of academically the program essentially 55 people

06:33:30.000 --> 06:33:46.000
indicated that they're involved in the space community and sub capacity and I, and I defined space community as someone who is actively involved, either engaging with or following kind of in a like offshoot sort of situation with people in social media

06:33:46.000 --> 06:33:57.000
who were in who you know had to do with space, whether that be engaging people on space Twitter as I have on the slide, or, you know, reading blogs, that sort of thing.

06:33:57.000 --> 06:34:08.000
36 people indicated that they hold a leadership position, and I defined that as either within a space centered organization, whether it be a double A says FDIC, etc.

06:34:08.000 --> 06:34:20.000
Or, as part of engineering project like their senior design project or rock tree project so on so forth. And the 40 people indicated that they currently work within this within the space industry.

06:34:20.000 --> 06:34:35.000
So within the space organization, this is the question I was really interested in, in that I was really interested to know that the bulk of the people who respond to this question we're part of said indoor sta CIE in some sort of capacity, and like I

06:34:35.000 --> 06:34:48.000
on the slide I combine these two groups because it shows the importance of these organizations. And then even though there's such a strong presence there's still work to be done because ideally that number should be 100%.

06:34:48.000 --> 06:35:04.000
So gender identity I wanted to break it down by by other demographic related stuff because I was just curious to see what the representation was so. Unsurprisingly, the bulk were male, and then with female being the second highest majority and then tertiary

06:35:04.000 --> 06:35:19.000
genders, representing a very small population within the location, this was a really interesting response because i and i evenly assumed that the bulk of it will be from United States because I live in America.

06:35:19.000 --> 06:35:23.000
The bulk of the people who I shared it with also live in America.

06:35:23.000 --> 06:35:40.000
But I was really surprised to see that I had a pretty global response, to be honest. And I feel like that was a really good representation of of the space community as a whole, despite it being a very small amount of individuals that it was, It wasn't

06:35:40.000 --> 06:35:52.000
me I was United States dominated, but it isn't like heavily dominated and that there's other, there's a lot of other countries that were represented a lot of other voices that are being heard.

06:35:52.000 --> 06:36:08.000
So one of the questions I asked was, like, what do you want to have, what do you do think the space industry or space community should be changed in any sort of capacity and I intentionally left it vague, because I didn't want to influence their decision

06:36:08.000 --> 06:36:24.000
by me indicating my own potential preferences or biases or whatever I wanted to make it as completely, like, you know, I wanted to make it as like specific as possible without like going into, like any sort of information.

06:36:24.000 --> 06:36:40.000
So the bulk of the people wanted to see change in the space industry in the space community which I thought was really cool. It means that people I from that response I definitely understood that people were really you know gung ho about like they're

06:36:40.000 --> 06:36:50.000
seeing issues within the space industry and or in the space community that they actively want to see something be changed.

06:36:50.000 --> 06:37:02.000
With a few other people who didn't who indicated that they didn't want to see change or that it was impossible to try didn't give any sort of justification for why they picked what they picked unfortunately.

06:37:02.000 --> 06:37:09.000
So the general idea what they want to change and there is a lot more I'm just generalizing it.

06:37:09.000 --> 06:37:27.000
A lot of them are not surprising like relaxing it a regulations that's something that's talked a lot about between people who are in said who aren't united, who, who aren't who weren't born United States and therefore and who aren't.

06:37:27.000 --> 06:37:42.000
You know, naturalized citizens so obviously they have the idea of breathing down their neck, as well as increasing outreach and educational efforts that was also not surprising to me, as well as the second to last bullet point about in ensuring that there's

06:37:42.000 --> 06:37:57.000
not only an increasing opportunities, but that those opportunities are accessible by everyone, as opposed to just certain groups of individuals or feeling like maybe there's no way that they can ever apply to opportunity x because they're so far out from

06:37:57.000 --> 06:38:11.000
like the nice certain population that that that opportunity is targeted towards that there's no way that they would ever think about applying because they would never get it that certain mentality that's unfortunately, very relevant within the space community

06:38:11.000 --> 06:38:13.000
and then the space industry.

06:38:13.000 --> 06:38:28.000
So I have indicated the interests that people have because I wanted to know like okay here's a list of interests that I'm, you know that I have listed with with how they relate to the space industry and or the space community.

06:38:28.000 --> 06:38:30.000
What are you most interested in.

06:38:30.000 --> 06:38:44.000
I was really interested to see that there was, you know, some someone that made a lot of sense I would say, you know, settling on the moon and on Mars like in rocketry, you know, being some of the highest but I was really interested that policy was up

06:38:44.000 --> 06:38:47.000
there space medicine was up there.

06:38:47.000 --> 06:39:07.000
Research in general was also incredibly high that. And then the statistic that I have on the far left side of the slide that 37% is 37 people indicated that they do have support of their interests, you know, within their, you know, within their circles,

06:39:07.000 --> 06:39:24.000
but 24 people indicated they do not have support, which is a problem because everyone's voices should be, you know, heard regardless if you know they go against like you know the great if they go against you know the green so to speak of the mentality

06:39:24.000 --> 06:39:28.000
within the space industry and or the space community.

06:39:28.000 --> 06:39:42.000
So missing out on opportunities and opportunities were defined as attending Space Center competent conferences and getting scholarships, so like the Virgo and fellowship and others have a 61 people that who responded 48 people indicated that they felt

06:39:42.000 --> 06:39:55.000
like they were missing out on opportunities, and I kind of alluded to this earlier, but, you know, some of them weren't aware of it. Some of them couldn't afford to attend the conference or because of geographic location or just because there are poor

06:39:55.000 --> 06:39:59.000
college student, which is understandable.

06:39:59.000 --> 06:40:12.000
17 didn't feel like, you know, they were probably we're dealing with imposter syndrome to some in some sort of capacity which is incredibly unfortunate that they didn't even want to try because they knew they were probably going to fail, even though they

06:40:12.000 --> 06:40:24.000
might not fail but they didn't want to, like, try because of, like, the nice shirt of people who usually get average those sort of opportunities.

06:40:24.000 --> 06:40:38.000
This one, made me feel really awkward when I, when I read the results. Just because there's people that don't feel safe within the industry or within the community.

06:40:38.000 --> 06:40:44.000
Yes, it's not that many however, the 12 people is 12. Way too many.

06:40:44.000 --> 06:40:59.000
And who's to say that although 67 people who indicated that they felt safe, that some of them were borderline and didn't want to say that they didn't feel safe because maybe, you know, for whatever reason,

06:40:59.000 --> 06:41:02.000
which is alarming.

06:41:02.000 --> 06:41:19.000
Vanessa stick is definitely the most alarming that they feel like the, the, you know, half of the people who responded to this question don't feel like their voices being heard, which I really feel like is a major concern because if the younger generation

06:41:19.000 --> 06:41:29.000
as opposed to if the if the young, the young professionals 18 to 35 year olds who are, you know, who made up the bulk of the people who responded to this to the survey.

06:41:29.000 --> 06:41:42.000
They're the ones who are going to be in the industry leading making decisions, maybe running NASA at some point, running other space organizations creating their own space organizations, better their voices aren't being heard at this point when they're

06:41:42.000 --> 06:41:58.000
trying to foster those relationships so they can, you know, eventually become the administrator of NASA or that they can become the CEO of their own company or other current space company, and so forth that, how is that going to impact their lives if

06:41:58.000 --> 06:42:14.000
they're not getting that sort of encouragement and that sort of mentorship, or just like you know positive reinforcement for making sure that they're doing that, if, like life affirming sort of things that like this is truly what I want to do and, but

06:42:14.000 --> 06:42:21.000
I don't feel like I have the support that I need to actually go out and pursue it.

06:42:21.000 --> 06:42:37.000
And this kind of is related to the last question that they feel like the space community. You know the bulk of the people who respond to this question, feel like the space community and the space industry are are aren't respectful of all ideas and opinions,

06:42:37.000 --> 06:42:52.000
which kind of goes with the last slide in that, you know, if they have ideas to, you know, try to change something that maybe is broken about this current about the current state of the space industry and or the space community that they don't feel like

06:42:52.000 --> 06:42:59.000
maybe it's even like worth it to even think about doing it because, you know, no one's gonna listen to them.

06:42:59.000 --> 06:43:01.000
So in the future.

06:43:01.000 --> 06:43:09.000
Make all the questions required because I did not do that. I'm make smaller surveys to encourage people to finish it.

06:43:09.000 --> 06:43:13.000
Doing breakout sessions with space leaders.

06:43:13.000 --> 06:43:22.000
You know who are at Space companies and who are more experienced and whatnot, to connect with leaders.

06:43:22.000 --> 06:43:30.000
So they get an idea of like what's happening more looking at and this is looking at like racial breakdown, a lot better.

06:43:30.000 --> 06:43:46.000
Because white people dominated the survey. The survey looking at demographic of data it academic background, what major you are, you know, that sort of thing because I didn't ask, I did not answer, I did not ask anything about the academic background,

06:43:46.000 --> 06:43:54.000
and I like to argue the point that spaces, you know into the interdisciplinary field on the planet, pun intended.

06:43:54.000 --> 06:44:09.000
And as such, every single major could ideally be very much representative within the space industry, from a job standpoint, just because of just how vast, you know the industry is.

06:44:09.000 --> 06:44:16.000
And then, finally, looking at what and first encourage people to get into space, whether that be something from their childhood something from school.

06:44:16.000 --> 06:44:24.000
Maybe it was because they joined certain organization, or maybe it's just something that like was like a thunderstruck sort of situation.

06:44:24.000 --> 06:44:31.000
Who knows every single person is different because every single every single response will probably be different because we're all different.

06:44:31.000 --> 06:44:46.000
So questions to consider these are like, definitely not. They could be rhetorical questions or they're just questions to kind of like get y'all thinking, like, what, what, what experiences influence people to respond the way that they did about feeling

06:44:46.000 --> 06:44:56.000
safe, and also feeling like they could be encouraged within the space community and in the space industry. How can those who are established within either support young professionals.

06:44:56.000 --> 06:45:08.000
How can those who feel like they're being left out being made aware of opportunities because everyone know by sight of email blasts and social media and stuff like that like there has to be better ways to do that.

06:45:08.000 --> 06:45:21.000
How do we increase accessibility of educational and outreach opportunities, particularly for people who are in certain countries that may not have those sort of opportunities or, you know, because space is a global opportunity, you know as, like I mentioned

06:45:21.000 --> 06:45:33.000
with us gic, how do we make sure that those opportunities are accessible to different people from different backgrounds, as opposed to, you know, just a super like niche sort of population like engineering for instance.

06:45:33.000 --> 06:45:49.000
And then finally, this is kind of something more for us Jason and said, but how can those two organizations and other organizations letters that are similar nature increase their presence even more to reach out to them, so that way they can be made aware

06:45:49.000 --> 06:45:55.000
and kind of join the space fam, so to speak.

06:45:55.000 --> 06:46:21.000
And I go to some references, and I can answer any questions. I just have my email address and stuff like that and I can stop sharing so that way I can, I see that there's a lot of chat responses so I will stop sharing.

06:46:21.000 --> 06:46:24.000
Excellent point very, very important.

06:46:24.000 --> 06:46:33.000
That just as a point, we end up with has the mentor mentee think

06:46:33.000 --> 06:46:40.000
all

06:46:40.000 --> 06:47:03.000
those places, you know, the possible resource. And also, what I said earlier, this, this afternoon Astrobotic speaker actually mentioned at the, they had 17 jobs over the, you know, so you know the way was entered that speaker section definitely care

06:47:03.000 --> 06:47:16.000
about young generation or, or people, you know, older people, older generation, you know, for possible equity that's why some of our event so let's set up the bring you to be the CEO or the company leaders.

06:47:16.000 --> 06:47:29.000
Today we will have a vice president from virgin obit, you know, it's really, we try our best, you know to to do this and the other thing is we actually had several speaker from space generation.

06:47:29.000 --> 06:47:34.000
In the past few years so we try to engage as many as possible.

06:47:34.000 --> 06:47:51.000
So, so this is a great you know the call speak with us today, and I think Steve want to speak, you know, Steve, go ahead. Just real quick Nicole I get your points and it's sort of ubiquitous to all of professional organizations that the some of the students

06:47:51.000 --> 06:48:02.000
get left in the dust a little bit and I'd like to know your your ideas about how that could be fixed and how could. How could more students feel more comfortable within the professional ranks.

06:48:02.000 --> 06:48:05.000
Yeah, I'm

06:48:05.000 --> 06:48:28.000
honestly, it's kind of just more of just telling students that you don't need to fit the mold. You don't need to fit the stereotype that the space industry has because you were made to stand out, and I know that's incredibly cliche, but allowing them

06:48:28.000 --> 06:48:45.000
to kind of, you know, take chances, and for them to, You know if their passion is truly there if they truly want to work in space if they truly want to be an astronaut if they truly want to do you know something within the realm of space that I would

06:48:45.000 --> 06:48:49.000
encourage them to,

06:48:49.000 --> 06:48:52.000
you know, find resources.

06:48:52.000 --> 06:49:08.000
and being able to know where those resources are and stuff like that, whether that be like, you know, some sort of curriculum like some sort of like you know global curriculum that everyone who's in a certain age, you know, learn something about like

06:49:08.000 --> 06:49:23.000
space and like how to broaden their horizons and how to join a certain organizations and stuff like that. I don't know, I'm not a policy person, but I feel like there's something that could be done at, you know, the country at a state, country or global

06:49:23.000 --> 06:49:38.000
level that could expose more of space to people, particularly in countries that don't have a space program or if they do have one it's very like it's currently being, you know, built.

06:49:38.000 --> 06:49:48.000
We just look at things differently at different ages and you're very young and looking at it from that perspective you might have some ideas that some of us older folks might take to heart that's what I was.

06:49:48.000 --> 06:49:58.000
Thanks for your answer.

06:49:58.000 --> 06:50:05.000
And upstairs. I think it makes them commander you want to say something says,

06:50:05.000 --> 06:50:23.000
Oh yeah, I was just, I'm a student right now, so I'm hoping to join saids sometime next year, so it was really cool hearing everything that you said, um, if I had a question maybe I just,

06:50:23.000 --> 06:50:33.000
You talked a lot you talked a bit about students, feeling like they aren't qualified enough or feeling overwhelmed.

06:50:33.000 --> 06:50:36.000
Do you have any, do you have any words of encouragement.

06:50:36.000 --> 06:50:45.000
As far as that, or what do you what do you tell students to sort of.

06:50:45.000 --> 06:51:02.000
Or maybe what resources do you recommend right in order to sort of get over those those fears that it's okay to ask for help. It's okay to, you know, kind of, kind of throw your hands up and just scream out into the void that you know your professors

06:51:02.000 --> 06:51:15.000
are there to answer your questions and stuff like that and you know they might they might have answers to your questions about how to, how to get involved.

06:51:15.000 --> 06:51:30.000
And being able to not more than most importantly being able to not like given so to speak to you know your inner demons that tell you that you're never going to you know do extra why because you're, you don't have the GPA you're not from a, an affluent

06:51:30.000 --> 06:51:34.000
background or so on and so forth.

06:51:34.000 --> 06:51:46.000
Like that's the most important thing, because that's something that I have done throughout my entire life and I'm currently doing as a potential non traditional applicant to med school.

06:51:46.000 --> 06:51:53.000
I'm just to make sure that they have

06:51:53.000 --> 06:52:08.000
a to make sure that their, their, their hope, I guess, isn't squashed by outside forces, essentially, because if you believe in yourself, you can truly.

06:52:08.000 --> 06:52:19.000
You know that's the most important thing, if you if you believe in yourself and there's that's, that's all the motivation that you need in many respects.

06:52:19.000 --> 06:52:26.000
Awesome. I appreciate it. Thank you. Yeah, of course.

06:52:26.000 --> 06:52:34.000
I mean, a very very good point. And that's also the goal for for for airway and those those dangerous that's make a section.

06:52:34.000 --> 06:52:37.000
So there's any more question.

06:52:37.000 --> 06:52:50.000
You're welcome to keep typing in the q&a box and Nico is still around in the us going. She can have an answer, or we can forward a question to her after the presentation.

06:52:50.000 --> 06:53:02.000
All right, so I think it's about time so yeah thank you, Nicole This is fantastic really amazing. Yeah, we need young people, you know, as the future, you know, for for aerospace.

06:53:02.000 --> 06:53:09.000
Alright, so our next speaker is here as you see it's very very exciting talk is going to be very fun.

06:53:09.000 --> 06:53:15.000
So Mr. Connor O'Kane is here. So let me pull.

06:53:15.000 --> 06:53:17.000
Yeah, okay.

06:53:17.000 --> 06:53:32.000
So he's the game developer and teacher origin from Ireland now living in Melbourne, Australia, he works primarily in simulations and virtual reality. and it's also interested in interested in 3d printing.

06:53:32.000 --> 06:53:47.000
He teaches game design and a mixed reality at our MIT University in Melbourne Melbourne. His most recent release is Mars, pride, we are, which is available on stream for all PCB our devices in this talk.

06:53:47.000 --> 06:54:03.000
He's going to explain how Mars by VR was done, and why he made it, and how game engines can be used to rapidly develop proper prototype

06:54:03.000 --> 06:54:06.000
real world scenario.

06:54:06.000 --> 06:54:29.000
The arrows are the game developers. And so I think not only from no private companies are so great importance and a very I'm personally, so excited for the economy, first.

06:54:29.000 --> 06:54:35.000
Hi everyone. Let me know if this video is working.

06:54:35.000 --> 06:54:39.000
I'm going to try to present.

06:54:39.000 --> 06:54:49.000
Using the webcam view because I have a lot of videos in my presentation so please let me know if you can see this okay.

06:54:49.000 --> 06:54:56.000
Just type in the chat if it's if it's working.

06:54:56.000 --> 06:55:08.000
If you set your set your view to Speaker view up here, you should be able to see me.

06:55:08.000 --> 06:55:15.000
I'll just type in the chat.

06:55:15.000 --> 06:55:26.000
Yeah, my presentation involves a lot of video. So I thought, using the camera overlaid over the presentation give you a better frame rate.

06:55:26.000 --> 06:55:38.000
Yeah, good idea yeah that's right, if you if you have any trouble seeing the videos I'll post the recording on YouTube later so you can see it in more detail.

06:55:38.000 --> 06:55:40.000
Okay. Okay, thank you.

06:55:40.000 --> 06:55:54.000
Alright so this is Mars five VR simulating the ingenuity helicopter on Mars, and how can technology help in aeronautics and astronautics. That's my email address, that's my twitter if you want to follow me for updates.

06:55:54.000 --> 06:55:58.000
Thanks to Ken, for inviting me. It's a pleasure to be here.

06:55:58.000 --> 06:56:06.000
I'm going to talk about what is Mars by VR and show you what the game looks like talk about how it's made. And why I made it.

06:56:06.000 --> 06:56:18.000
And then I'm going to show you some of the stuff I'm working on the research projects I'm working on which involve using game engines, as simulation tools to solve prototyping issues.

06:56:18.000 --> 06:56:29.000
So, yes, as Ken said I'm actually from Ireland and I live in Australia, my direct a company called I on normal, where we make games simulations VR and augmented reality apps.

06:56:29.000 --> 06:56:39.000
I work as a researcher at MIT, and I teach games and development and design and 3d graphics.

06:56:39.000 --> 06:56:47.000
So what is most likely are well the easiest way for me to explain it is to show you a video so you can see what it looks like.

06:56:47.000 --> 06:56:52.000
So hopefully this will play okay.

06:56:52.000 --> 06:57:06.000
If you have trouble seeing it like I said I'll put a recording on YouTube, but I'm hoping this was streaming it reasonable frame rate you can see what's happening so this is a recreation of general greater where ingenuity is about to fly, it's been delayed

06:57:06.000 --> 06:57:08.000
so it hasn't actually flown yet.

06:57:08.000 --> 06:57:13.000
You take control of the helicopter using an Xbox controller to fight with a gamepad like this.

06:57:13.000 --> 06:57:18.000
When you were a VR headset, so that you can freely look around and see the landscape.

06:57:18.000 --> 06:57:25.000
And I've recreated the landing site and 35 square kilometers of the surrounding area.

06:57:25.000 --> 06:57:41.000
And I've had a gameplay to make the game entertaining to the general public. So the purpose is not solely simulation but to to do some science advocacy and outreach to get the general public interested in, perseverance and ingenuity.

06:57:41.000 --> 06:57:53.000
So, you have little quests where you take photographs. There are races where you can race around on Mars. There's a first person view like this where you can fly inside the helicopter view.

06:57:53.000 --> 06:58:05.000
This is very popular on Earth, people who fly FPV drones or first person view drones like to race drones with a camera mounted on. So this simulates that sort of point of view.

06:58:05.000 --> 06:58:15.000
And as I said that the game covers a lot more terrain than ingenuity will actually ever see this view from the top of this hill gives you a nice overview of the whole landscape.

06:58:15.000 --> 06:58:31.000
So here we see the whole river delta, perseverance is actually landed way down in the bottom left here, and it's going to drive over behind that outcrop which is one of the outcrops of the river delta, but in the game you can explore much further.

06:58:31.000 --> 06:58:47.000
So, that's what it is. Let's talk about some of the key features. So, the landscape is based on the high res digital terrain, so the high res camera is an instrument with the word Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, and it's flying over Mars taking photographs,

06:58:47.000 --> 06:58:53.000
but it also generates digital terrain models 3d hate maps of the terrain.

06:58:53.000 --> 06:59:06.000
And this is all over here on the right, the X is the landing spot for perseverance, competing with the only person, yeah if you, if whoever's in charge of the presentation could mark me as the only speaker that would be great.

06:59:06.000 --> 06:59:23.000
Thanks, thanks for that comment, and the white box there shows the area that's playable in the game, this x is the landing spot and the rover will actually just traveled west from here so the game allows you to see a lot more.

06:59:23.000 --> 06:59:38.000
It's a simulates the correct Martian gravity, and I'm sorry density so helicopter falls at the right rate is extremely low drag, unlike flying on earth it's difficult to change directions if you reach a high speed because the dragon is so low.

06:59:38.000 --> 06:59:49.000
And it's in VR and everything's better in VR, and it supports all the PC based VR headsets, and it's available on Steam. So that's the value of index the HTC Vive.

06:59:49.000 --> 06:59:56.000
The windows mixed reality headsets, and the Oculus Rift.

06:59:56.000 --> 06:59:57.000
Okay, how was it made.

06:59:57.000 --> 07:00:09.000
So the short answer is it's made at the Unity game and there are two main game agents that everybody uses to make games these days the Unreal Engine, and the Unity engine and in this case, this one is made with Unity.

07:00:09.000 --> 07:00:25.000
But it didn't just come out of nowhere, so I want to talk about how I how I developed the skills to make this game, and what led to it so I actually made a science fiction game in 2018 called ice caves of Europa, which already had helicopter staff is

07:00:25.000 --> 07:00:33.000
expected to do so I'll show you a clip of of this.

07:00:33.000 --> 07:00:46.000
So as you can see, I suppose the rover was was a flying game but it's locked to two dimensions the cameras locked suicide view. And it's a science fiction story where a comet hits Europa and cracks up in the ice.

07:00:46.000 --> 07:01:00.000
And so, rovers that to explore under the surface to look for life onto the ice in your open this hypothetical flying rover is exploring and you take direct direct control of it with the gamepad.

07:01:00.000 --> 07:01:11.000
So I made this in 2018. And towards the end of the project I started thinking about full helicopter physics.

07:01:11.000 --> 07:01:21.000
As I done a two dimensional physics based game I started to think, well maybe I could maybe I could take this and develop it into a full helicopter simulator.

07:01:21.000 --> 07:01:30.000
So I made this prototype of a VR helicopter simulator to explore some ideas.

07:01:30.000 --> 07:01:39.000
Just turn that off. So, here you can see one of my early prototypes I'm wearing a Dell mixed reality VR headset.

07:01:39.000 --> 07:01:58.000
I'm using a flight stick to fly it and so I use this prototype, to look at ideas of a virtual cockpit where you're flying an unmanned vehicle, but using VR to look around, and also to explore the ideas of a VR HUD heads up display or a heads up display

07:01:58.000 --> 07:02:03.000
that incorporates depth, that wasn't just a flat display.

07:02:03.000 --> 07:02:17.000
So, you can't see it in the video obviously but when you're in VR, the heads up display is projected on a sphere around you, and you can perceive the depth of it and its projected five meters in front of you so that your eyes are very relaxed, that you

07:02:17.000 --> 07:02:26.000
don't have to pull focus to change from looking at the landscape to the heads up display little dots you might see the little green.in the center of view there.

07:02:26.000 --> 07:02:38.000
That's your velocity and it actually, it moves, it moves forward and backwards in the z axis to show you how fast your life so traditional heads up displays really only work as a flat surface.

07:02:38.000 --> 07:02:51.000
But in VR your hug can incorporate depth. So I used the depth of the VR to, to show you how fast you're going it's a very intuitive way to show the viewer, and I'm very interested in.

07:02:51.000 --> 07:02:58.000
Incorporating user interfaces into VR I think it's a fascinating area of research.

07:02:58.000 --> 07:03:06.000
So I had a helicopter simulator and as you can see from the sky I was already thinking about putting this on Mars.

07:03:06.000 --> 07:03:11.000
But I didn't have a specific location in mind, this was just a randomly generated scene.

07:03:11.000 --> 07:03:14.000
However, in parallel to this.

07:03:14.000 --> 07:03:24.000
I'm very interested in 3d printing and I have been 3d printing landscapes, and then painted them to look realistic on the right here is a crater lake in Oregon.

07:03:24.000 --> 07:03:33.000
And on the left is thousand hours on Mars, and these are taken from NASA's public domain height data which is available to everyone.

07:03:33.000 --> 07:03:37.000
But I was also printing a high rise digital terrain models.

07:03:37.000 --> 07:03:41.000
So these are available for free at this website.

07:03:41.000 --> 07:03:45.000
University of Arizona maintains the high rise instrument.

07:03:45.000 --> 07:03:49.000
And they're beautiful they're.

07:03:49.000 --> 07:03:54.000
Let me just get my large view.

07:03:54.000 --> 07:04:07.000
So, this one for example this is the landing site of Curiosity rover. This is looking at, sharp. And here you can see a riverbed and curiosity is driving up towards this right now.

07:04:07.000 --> 07:04:11.000
may eventually climb up on this riverbed soon.

07:04:11.000 --> 07:04:16.000
So I really enjoyed printing these slices of Mars.

07:04:16.000 --> 07:04:31.000
They make it seem more real more tangible they're very good to show to students to show other people, the topology of Mars. These aren't realistic colors by the way these are exaggerated or stretched false colors in the style of the, the high rise, press

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release images, Mars isn't really this book.

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So, so I thought, I wonder, could I get a high rise digital terrain model of the landing site so when NASA announced that they were going to land the general greater, how to look on the IRS website and I found that are very nice digital terrain model

07:04:53.000 --> 07:05:11.000
crater. So I thought, well, why not put this in my site, this the same like I had to. Thank you, Kate. This This seemed like I had a many skills all coming together and allow me to make this thing, a knowledge of the high rise digital terrains experience

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in VR and experience making a helicopter soon but it seemed like Well, obviously I should make a sim for ingenuity.

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However, it's not that easy. It's not that easy. First of all, making the color of the landscape is difficult because the high rise images are not photographed in RGB color.

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It has an infrared red and blue filter on the color camera, but also it only takes a very narrow strip of color photo that the estimate is on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter orbiting Mars.

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And if any of you remember those old scanners, there's old document scanners which had wheels on them and you would drive the scanner along with documents to scan the text highrises data is a little bit like that It flies over Mars, looking down scanning

07:05:56.000 --> 07:06:11.000
along things strip. And the central color region is very narrow, it's it's about a kilometer wide, so I needed a lot more color so I couldn't really use the higher eyes textures, as colored handheld scanner, that's, that's right.

07:06:11.000 --> 07:06:20.000
The older members of the audience who remember handheld scanners from before you can photograph everything on your phone.

07:06:20.000 --> 07:06:21.000
Yes.

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So, I needed to texture 35 square kilometers of landscape realistically and I didn't have a good photograph to use so I use procedural mapping techniques.

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I used a plugin for unity, called map magic, which looks at the height map looks at the cavity and the slope and things like that at the height map, and then automatically paints the texture so I assembled a collection of textures by photographing rocks

07:06:47.000 --> 07:06:51.000
on earth and color correcting them to Mars like colors.

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And then I use just some formula. It uses this node based network for for generating the masks to create the colors so so for example at a certain slope angle it paints it.

07:07:02.000 --> 07:07:17.000
But this darker rock and other slope angles it detects lighter and and these, these ripples that you see here are present in the heat map so these are actual sand dunes, which are obviously dynamic they're probably not in the same place now.

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And the procedural texture is picked up the variation in the height, and texture than a sentence for me.

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Similarly, the level was too big to place all the rocks manually so that the resolution of the high res scan is about 30 centimeters. So features smaller than half a meter are really not not visible there blurred or they're just not visible so I had to

07:07:43.000 --> 07:07:52.000
invent all the small scale rocks. And again, I use procedural scattering techniques to do this, doing this by hand would be too time consuming.

07:07:52.000 --> 07:08:05.000
And so, what it does is it randomly places rocks on the terrain but then it does some calculations so for example if there's a rock person on the edge of a cliff, it will simulate it rolling down the hill to the base of the cliff and then more rocks will

07:08:05.000 --> 07:08:17.000
gather at the bottom. Wherever there's a large rock, it will simulate erosion and scatter some small rocks around it so it tries to make a reasonably realistic random rock distribution.

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I'm looking forward to seeing that, when the rover gets over here closer to the river delta what the actual rocks are like, I'm sure that the same as mine but I hope they're similar

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Unity has what's called an Asset Store, where you can buy assets other people have made to make your game development faster and cheaper and so I used map magic to make this, I use shader Forge, and I use micro spots so these, these little tools, save

07:08:44.000 --> 07:08:55.000
me months and months of work and that they, they're not very expensive they cost under $100 typically and they save you months of work. So using a game engine like unreal, or unity allows you to get something done even as a solo developer so that this

07:08:55.000 --> 07:09:05.000
project is made entirely by myself in my spare time. I wouldn't been able to do it without these tools.

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So,

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next. Why did I make Mars flight VR.

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One personal enjoyment.

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I wanted to fly around the landing site and explore it in VR before the helicopter got there, and no one else had made a helicopter sin, I should mention that my friend john had made a very interesting game called Red Rover, where you can drive a rover

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around on Mars. And it includes VR too and I contacted our we've become friends because we've discussed the techniques for building Martian landscapes Allen's game has many more different scenes in it, and it allows you to drive a rover, and it has some.

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Well hypothetical Mars basis what a Mars base might look like you can explore those too.

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But I specifically was interested in helicopters so I wanted to fly a helicopter around, so I really made this game for myself because nobody else was going to make it.

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Second is science outreach and public engagement, it, it.

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It baffles me constantly, why everybody else is not interested in spaceflight spaceflight exploring Mars exploring the moon, sending probes to Europa and and tighten the most interesting things I can think of that we should do with our time.

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And it's, it's strange to be the not everybody else feels the same way. And so, I want everyone else to feel the same way. And so making a game like this is a very good way to reach people who weren't interested in the first place.

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If you make a book or a documentary about Mars.

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The only people who it's going to reach people who are already interested in Mars they're going to buy that are watch them right. But if you make a video game about something, then you have a much broader audience the general gaming audience will be interested

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to try it. And so my hope is that will reach children, children really get immersed in VR and I want them to get excited by.

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Thank you. I'm glad you agree, Oliver, I want children specifically to get excited by visiting Mars, and to think of Mars as a real place not just some alien distant planet that will never go but a real place, and VR is important for that VR induces a

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sense of scale and all that you don't get from a photograph, so when you see a video or even a picture of Mars it's very easy to go yes that's lovely and then just keep scrolling and not think about going there.

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When you see it in VR. You see how far those hills are how tall they are and you look up and you see that Mars has clouds, and you look at the sun you say Oh, the sun is smaller than it should be.

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That's strange and it's dimmer.

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And when you look down you realize you're up 30 meters in the air, and you can see the sound blowing around. It's completely different to a photograph or a video when you see Mars in VR.

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It feels like a real place that we could go and you can imagine astronauts walking around they're exploring, and it's particularly effective for children children have the capacity to completely forget about the real world when they're in VR, which is

07:12:18.000 --> 07:12:27.000
terrifyingly dangerous if you're a parent because if you put a VR headset on your kids, they forget about their body and they'll run into a wall and hurt themselves.

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But my game is played seated, so my game is what's called a seated VR experience so you sit down, hold a controller and you don't run around so it's a lot safer for kids to play.

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And I found that VR is extremely effective on children, they lose their sense of self, and they become completely in the game and so that's a very effective way of getting young people interested in spaceflight space travel and Mars.

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My hope is that after coded is no longer a problem that I'll be able to put Mars flight VR in science galleries, museums, so that people who don't have a VR headset at home, will be able to fly around Mars and see what ingenuity saw and take photographs

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and and be amazed by the fact that there's a river delta corners and a 4 billion year old lake bed, most most, most people don't even consider the idea that there were lakes on Mars nevermind river Delta's, but to see it a flyer and it will change their

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mind and make them realize this is somewhere we can go.

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And then lastly, of course, profit.

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That's a joke. There is no profit in VR video games VR is a very very small market at the moment so in terms of in terms of the whole video games market VR is less than 1% so less than 1% of people who have a gaming PC.

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so there's not much money in this. I basically made this in my spare time, and funded it myself. Although I was helped, and I'm very grateful to the assistance of film Victoria.

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So Phil Victoria is a government body in the state of Victoria where I live, who fund film, television and video games.

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And when I told them I was making this Mars experience they got right behind it and they gave me a sizable grant, which allowed me to fly to LA and show the game of the modern society convention in 2018, and they provide funding for me to promote the

07:14:30.000 --> 07:14:42.000
and to make the trailers and things like that so I'm very grateful to them. Yeah, there's I'm reading the comments and there's a suggestion that it would be good to get universities to try this.

07:14:42.000 --> 07:14:55.000
I agree, and so I'm giving the game away for free so while while I have released it on steam for for the general public to buy. If any of you are interested in trying the game are showing it at universities are showing it at a museum.

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Please just contact me and you can get it for free here so if you type in this web address into your browser, and you can fill in the form and download the game for free.

07:15:07.000 --> 07:15:16.000
And I'm happy to give as many keys as you require for your school or university or resume or anyone who wants to use it for free.

07:15:16.000 --> 07:15:30.000
So that's my wife er so I'm going to move on to sorry yes there's that there's a comment in the chat about doing more demos and obviously if this was a real conference and we were face to face I would ask you to come over to my desk and play Mars like

07:15:30.000 --> 07:15:43.000
VR afterwards. But obviously, with remote conference the best we can do is just send you a free demo, and hopefully next year we'll be able to meet up again and you'll be able to play this with me.

07:15:43.000 --> 07:15:57.000
I'm going to move on to have a little more I'm going to move on to talk about game game engines in general for simulation and how they can be applied to aerospace aeronautics and astronautics and to talk about some of the research and I'm doing it are

07:15:57.000 --> 07:16:10.000
this is just a smaller second part of my presentation, which I hope will be useful to any of you in the audience that are interested in robotics simulation remote missions rocketry anything like that.

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So I work as a researcher at MIT.

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And I'm working on a project called Dual Sim, in collaboration with Brian Mattel, and it stands for deep intelligence, machine simulator.

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And it this this Timpson project is made in the Unreal Engine.

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And it uses Microsoft Ericsson Ericsson as a free expansion and open source expansion, which works in Unreal and unity.

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And it provides you the tools to simulate drones and vehicles, very easily it's specifically designed for training autonomous vehicles and research and autonomous vehicles.

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So, we are, we are trying to develop around Natal are trying to develop an autonomous off road vehicle.

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Let me show you what I mean by off road.

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So this is the Australian Automotive Research Center and this is their four wheel drive test track.

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And so, we want to develop an AI that can navigate attract, we're a multi wheeled vehicle through landscapes like this, and can take instruction from human operators with hand gestures can follow humans and can navigate safely through mud and water and

07:17:20.000 --> 07:17:32.000
trees and things like this so this is a much harder challenge than autonomous vehicles on the road. You've got no traffic lights no street signs No, no white lines to follow.

07:17:32.000 --> 07:17:38.000
Part of the challenge is getting the AI agents to recognize high risk terrain.

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In particular mode, you can see here there's a mud pit.

07:17:42.000 --> 07:17:56.000
In this landscape and there's a water trap here so our AI agents need to be able to recognize, high risk terrain. And so we use dem Sam to train them to start air yeah didn't seem to train them to do that.

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I should stress that this project is a major collaboration between our mighty throw in the towel, Queensland University and si si ro there are many other people working on this.

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Let me show you that where we're at, at the moment in Damson. So, I'm going to skip to later in this video to show you why we're doing this.

07:18:15.000 --> 07:18:26.000
We want to train an artificial intelligence to recognize different terrain types and in order to do that we show it loads and loads of video of landscapes, and we asked it to guess what do you think is the tree, what do you think is the grass, what do

07:18:26.000 --> 07:18:28.000
you think is the mind.

07:18:28.000 --> 07:18:38.000
And what it provides the answers we then verify those answers to tell it if it was right or wrong. So this is called reinforcement learning. It improves by reinforcing.

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So in order to do that, you've got to record real video of off road landscapes like this.

07:18:44.000 --> 07:18:57.000
But then you have to annotate the video to mark which area is mud and so this is a person has gone through and mark that this is the sky. This is the trace this is sand and this is not so that when the AI guess is, I think this is grass, because they

07:18:57.000 --> 07:19:05.000
I think this is grass, because they know you're wrong. That's actually mud and that reinforces the algorithm and the next time it runs it gets better.

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This is very time consuming, obviously, it takes a long time to film this footage. It takes a long time for a person to annotate it, and then we run that reinforcement learning agents to get better.

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We want to use Denson to generate realistic video footage, that's already annotated, and so Denson can do that so damn Sam can generate. On the left you see the realistic view of the forest.

07:19:29.000 --> 07:19:37.000
And on the right you see the annotated version where it's mark this is sky. This is trees, this is grass. And this is sound.

07:19:37.000 --> 07:19:50.000
So we cannot generate unlimited footage, which has realistic view and annotated view, in order to train agents, which saves a lot of time and a lot of money.

07:19:50.000 --> 07:20:03.000
And I'll show you the current state of the simulation, particularly interested in realistic night because filming realistic modern recognizing realistic mode is very difficult, but it's also a high priority because vehicles tend to get stuck in the mud.

07:20:03.000 --> 07:20:10.000
So we we've recreated that site that I showed you in Unreal.

07:20:10.000 --> 07:20:17.000
As realistically as possible with the modern that the correct trees and the correct rocks.

07:20:17.000 --> 07:20:26.000
And then we're using this to generate videos to train AI, we use photo gramma tree assets, which are real objects photograph from multiple angles.

07:20:26.000 --> 07:20:41.000
And then converted into 3d measures to make extremely realistic props so you can see that the logs on the left and the trees, these are all based on real, real trees which have been scanned into the game engine, and they're down to a lower Polycom council

07:20:41.000 --> 07:20:44.000
that they're nice and fast.

07:20:44.000 --> 07:20:52.000
As you can see the lighting and Unreal Engine is absolutely beautiful. And one of the reasons we chose unreal for this project is because of its high quality lighting engine, it's rendering.

07:20:52.000 --> 07:20:54.000
We can change the time of day.

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We can render the same scene, multiple times a day and that's important because the shadows, often trick, the agents, the shadows are confusing for the AI.

07:21:04.000 --> 07:21:17.000
It has to know that this change in color is due to a shadow or lighting change it's not due to a surface change, the only way for to learn that is by repeatedly running over multiple videos.

07:21:17.000 --> 07:21:23.000
So that's one of the projects I've been working on our mighty That one's called Denison.

07:21:23.000 --> 07:21:30.000
Another project I smaller tool that I've developed recently is a light our visualization tool.

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Many of you that work in autonomous vehicles or remote sensing are probably familiar with LIDAR laser rangefinder device shoots a laser beam, where the reflection is detected.

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Imagine the time that it took and you can detect how far away it is. So, a light are lets you build up a three dimensional image of where you are the specific LIDAR that's being used on this project looks like this.

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It's the Valentine VIP 16 and it's mounted on a rotating platform, you notice there.

07:22:02.000 --> 07:22:06.000
Instead of 45 degrees and rotating.

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So this this tool that I've developed allows us to simulate the returns from LIDAR a different rates, different positions on the vehicle, different speeds of the vehicle that kind of thing so let me explain what what we're seeing here, this bottom area

07:22:22.000 --> 07:22:25.000
is the forward view from the vehicle.

07:22:25.000 --> 07:22:34.000
From the top area is a top down view of a sort of a test track where we want to see what kind of light our pattern, we will get.

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And so this tool lets me run the vehicle along the test track, and record how many of the light rays.

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Miss, because they're shooting up into the sky, right the vehicle, which means they were wasted.

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Right, the terrain and return the green dots, and I've marked by returns with green dots here.

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So we can do things like we can move the light around let me show you I'm going to skip forward a little bit.

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So here I'm going to change the speed to 60 kilometers an hour to see what the light are returned looks like when the vehicles moving quickly.

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You can see in the bottom view exactly what it seeing. So obviously driving this vehicle at 60 kilometers an hour would be quite risky because it doesn't a very good view in front.

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Here I'm going to move the LIDAR to a different location to explore what kind of return would we get if we put it on top of the vehicle, and a different angle and so here's, here's the vehicle that's mounted on.

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And I'm moving it over to the top,

07:23:44.000 --> 07:23:54.000
and then switching it to mount angle for 45 degrees to 10 degrees.

07:23:54.000 --> 07:24:06.000
And then running the simulation again and now because this is a in a game engine, we got the results straight away we don't have to click Render and wait an hour for the returns that we can see them happening in real time so you can see the points that

07:24:06.000 --> 07:24:13.000
LIDAR is detecting and this point of view. So, this tool is.

07:24:13.000 --> 07:24:27.000
This tool allows us to test different LIDAR configurations, different types of LIDAR different angles for managing on it all in software, without having to do any mechanical prototyping, skip forward a little bit just to show you another type of LIDAR

07:24:27.000 --> 07:24:42.000
as well. That was a Valentine lighter and this is a Mara highlighter which is newer lighter that uses a different scanning system. And you'll see it returns a completely different scans dial this this light are instead of sweeping 360 degrees around the

07:24:42.000 --> 07:24:53.000
focuses all of the attention in front, in a very narrow high density point cloud. And you'll see if I run a different style of return.

07:24:53.000 --> 07:25:04.000
So this one is more like a being focused in front of the vehicle, which is very good for fast moving forward moving vehicles and.

07:25:04.000 --> 07:25:20.000
And of course, you can always imagine a different location you can pause the statement by forward, these these obstacles out here are supposed to represent a tree or a person or something small and so we can count how many dots are being detected on small

07:25:20.000 --> 07:25:31.000
items, it's, you know, at whatever range in the future in the, in the distance, you're interested in to work out if this lighters effective.

07:25:31.000 --> 07:25:39.000
See the density from this return is almost like it's almost hundred percent coverage. It's very good.

07:25:39.000 --> 07:25:40.000
Okay.

07:25:40.000 --> 07:25:52.000
So, in conclusion, game engines provide a cheap and fast solution for developing simulations. They allow for problem discovery and troubleshooting before the hardware manufacturing stage.

07:25:52.000 --> 07:26:09.000
So, so I think this is extremely relevant to aerospace and astronautics because if you're discovering problems in the hardware stage, if you're firing up your rover, or your rocket, or your Mars playing, and you're discovering vibrations are unexpected

07:26:09.000 --> 07:26:22.000
when you've already built the thing. It's going to be extremely expensive to solve, you're going to have to go back to manufacturing your components. If the sooner you can get your product in a game engine with all the moving parts working together.

07:26:22.000 --> 07:26:35.000
And you can then immediately discover problems that you hadn't anticipated you'll notice pieces that conflict with each other pieces that during motion and overlap and issues that you hadn't considered because you hadn't been able to move around and think

07:26:35.000 --> 07:26:42.000
in real time. Of course if you if you integrate VR you got even more immersion and more ability to detect these problems.

07:26:42.000 --> 07:26:53.000
So I highly recommend integrating game engine simulations into your product development pipeline, whether it's for rockets or for rovers or whatever systems you're working on these.

07:26:53.000 --> 07:27:11.000
These engines, first of all, they're extremely cheap Unity and Unreal are free to just download and try, you only have to pay for them if you're making a commercial products, and they're extremely fast, they can they can render photorealistic graphics

07:27:11.000 --> 07:27:17.000
Okay. And that's all I have today thank thank you all for watching.

07:27:17.000 --> 07:27:21.000
If you'd like to follow what I'm working on you can follow my Twitter.

07:27:21.000 --> 07:27:33.000
If you'd like to contact me directly, please email me. And as I said you can get a free copy of Mars lie PR. If you have any PC VR headset.

07:27:33.000 --> 07:27:35.000
It'll run.

07:27:35.000 --> 07:27:40.000
And I'll put that address in the chat so that you can download that.

07:27:40.000 --> 07:27:45.000
Alright, thanks if you've got any questions, please feel free to post them in the chat.

07:27:45.000 --> 07:27:50.000
I'll go back to the slide, with the

07:27:50.000 --> 07:27:57.000
that are loaded dress there is.

07:27:57.000 --> 07:28:08.000
Yeah, this is really amazing so so so fantastic so if you have anybody have a question you're welcome to raise your hand, to be able to speak out or type your question in.

07:28:08.000 --> 07:28:19.000
I think there's one in QnA. Can you see it. I'll have to switch to that when they just find,

07:28:19.000 --> 07:28:22.000
Yeah, let me just turn off.

07:28:22.000 --> 07:28:30.000
Okay today can most likely are be used on phones or just PC based VR headsets at the moment is just PC.

07:28:30.000 --> 07:28:45.000
And the reason for that is because the scene is so big, it's approximately a gigabyte of data to load the entire general crater. So it's not optimized for phones, you need a PC based VR, I hope eventually to release it on the Oculus quest, which is a

07:28:45.000 --> 07:28:51.000
mobile VR platform, but the moment it's only on PC.

07:28:51.000 --> 07:29:07.000
Yeah, I have a very kind of different kind of question, your company called IO normal is any any meeting for this for this mean i o is the computer IO, or is the this, the, the Jupiter moon IO.

07:29:07.000 --> 07:29:11.000
It's, it's deliberately ambiguous.

07:29:11.000 --> 07:29:24.000
Yes, I know that there's the moon of Jupiter, the normal is also a computer graphics term meaning like the vector pointing away from the surface, but to tell you the truth, I had to register a company name in a hurry because of publisher wanted to sign

07:29:24.000 --> 07:29:27.000
a contract with me for a game.

07:29:27.000 --> 07:29:41.000
And so I've always used the name monorail as an online tag like a gamer tag when I was playing games online, and I would normally it's just an anagram of Monterey, so I picked a company name that was deliberately vague and ambiguous, doesn't mean anything.

07:29:41.000 --> 07:29:52.000
Yeah, that's cool actually make us more.

07:29:52.000 --> 07:30:00.000
So, yeah, exactly. I think there's somebody raised in IO says this he says Go ahead.

07:30:00.000 --> 07:30:01.000
Yeah.

07:30:01.000 --> 07:30:17.000
Um, I didn't have a question per se but I just wanted to say that this is super interesting because I'm at my university right now, I'm doing an academic internship, that's almost exactly this distinct that you're describing, sort of, We're working in

07:30:17.000 --> 07:30:28.000
Unreal Engine, and using VR to create this like synthetic data for machine learning, so great. Oh well, send me an email and we'll get in touch and compare.

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Compare homework.

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Yeah, thank you so much this is this super cool. we are making a lot of adaptations to air so I don't know if you're using Arison but we've pulled version from from GitHub that's pretty stable but we're very likely to need to make a lot of changes we're

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going to write a GPU based slider, which is much faster than Ericsson CPU or ray tracing LIDAR. And now I don't know if we'll be able to push that back up on to GitHub because there may be copyright issues.

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But we will probably give a presentation or a talk, or write a paper about how that's done so get in touch with me if you want to. If you want to find out about our developments to Arison and unreal.

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Definitely. thank you I will do that for sure.

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Thanks.

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Yeah, actually, are the way Los Angeles, does break a sector in the past few years we have not not like what you do to here but you know there's some, as you said, there are the aerospace, either companies or professors they're doing some project.

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This is not the main project but they do have br to as kind of site demonstration for, for example, there was a professor and of course he working with a company.

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They are trying to demonstrate this universal gateway, you know, is a gateway space gateway bender they propose to launch some kind of universal unit, so he can change the, the internal he can be medical can be scientific or different kinds of things.

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So in that event they actually demonstrate that we are as kind of demo for for for their, their proposal. So you know that people can stop by where we are and the floods the design of their interior.

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And there is another company they're working on this that that's actually augmented reality. You know they can actually put your hand and as if you are doing some kind of training, you know for for Space Station.

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That's exactly what you said so you can see this ended. If you look at somebody will speak on the they're hiring people game developer. We don't know exactly what they do, that's their secret, but, you know, there's a job.

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I mentioned that the market for VR games is very small and but that doesn't mean that VR itself as a technology is small VR is extremely important in simulation and training, there's an enormous market for VR training it's a lot cheaper than building

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physical scenarios training and VR is an excellent application.

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And there are many applications in aerospace and prototyping for VR so well i think that consumer level VR is still a few years away.

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I think VR is already extremely important for research and for simulation.

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Yeah, as a game developer skills translate very well into prototyping and simulation.

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Exactly. Yeah, exactly.

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So actually, when you show this.

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The, the drone, the AI, you know the price image I think you've got a pretty good point. But I actually want to ask you this, because earlier today you know our speaker as robotic they're talking about using try and terrain range and education.

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That's also using March 2020. So the picture something, you know, since we mentioned the drone and the AI, do you think that in the game platform. I know for the helicopter you probably want to, you know, manually drive her to have fun but you know for

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this aiz. Is it possible to implement this kind of algorithm or, you know, approach into this VR system. Yeah, our, our hope is that when we have the AI agent that drives the vehicle well trained, that it won't be able to tell the difference between playing

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in the simulation and playing in the real world, it will it will use the same algorithms to choose its path. So if you're trying to develop a rover for for Mars or anywhere else on the moon, and you wanted to operate independently, so that it just receives

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Then, then running it in a game engine is a great way to get real time response so so you could download your download a 3d data of the landing site, bring it into unreal or unity.

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Run your simulations through it very quickly to work out what's the optimal path. And then if you if you know that the rover on the moon is using the same algorithm is the one you have here, then you can be confident it's going to make a good choice because

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so you don't have to. You don't have to babysit it and tell it exactly where to go.

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Yeah, yeah, exactly you know it that we've been looking into some kind of we are actually I took Ellen actually, before the pandemic we're working on kind of exhibition coding several companies you know to to show you know kind of showcase for the VR,

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you know, hopefully after the pandemic, you know, even the same person we can do hybrid so we can ask you to join us, you know to do to the demo as well and this is, as you say there's a very good tool, you know for education to reach and the more people

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know about his power and the usage. It's just an essential thing you mentioned I think is kind of like the machine learning, right, you know, the video frying you can the annotation but I think it's just a term but this basically machine learning to train

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you know. Yeah. Yeah. So it's also a very ultra hot topic these days, you know. Yes.

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Alright. Thanks, everybody. I'm going to make room for the next speaker. Now, there is no next speaker, I mean the next speaker, actually turns to the next bill, which is a student presentation, but he just told us he is formally diagnosed as cold with

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19 positive.

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So they they kind of current him, you can't do anything.

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So that's one of the most exciting one.

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Thanks very much.

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Indeed, there is no delay. But one thing is the resolution dropped. I don't know if you realize the resolution drop a little bit.

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Yes, okay.

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It's hard for me to know what everybody else comes yeah yeah we'll post a video you'll see it. We also noticed from, you know, from the universe Southern California they use, they used to have.

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We used to have you been and they try to do this, but realize their PowerPoint the resolution was not very high. So, in that case, we have to switch them to use the regular presentation, which are better resolution but in your case we can stand because

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you're running the this video you need to continue, continue to do it. Yeah, well, I've been recording it from my desktop as well so I can post the full resolution on Yeah, yeah, that because the resolution is a little bit No, I think it's kind of.

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I think it's kind of related. Yeah. Okay, great. This is fantastic. So this concludes our today's new space mini conference and that this was very successful event and we have seen the booming of the new, new space activities you know so we'll keep follow

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up on this and get people together. So this, you know, look for the future and stay in touch.

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Look forward to seeing you next time. So thank you very much again. I really appreciate. Enjoy the rest of day on the weekend and have a wonderful week.

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Thank you very much.